Sociology education assignment submit free essay sample

The School is an important agency of secondary socialisation. All children in the UK are given Equal opportunities to succeed.Despite the department of education stating that they wish to provide equal opportunities for children and young people no matter what their background or family circumstances. (Department of education. 2014) Statistics referencing school childrens performance in the UK indicates a childs class, ethnicity or gender can have an effect on their overall school performance.As family is the primary means of socialisation, a parents attitude towards education is important for the progress of children in schools. Charles Desforges and Alberto Abouchaars, (2003) study into parental involvement in schools found that; at-home good parenting had a positive effect on a childs attainment. The report suggests this is done through shaping childrens self concepts through setting high aspirations and then concludes, by stating that achievement of working class pupils can be furthered by increasing parental involvement. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology education assignment submit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shows that it is widely recognised that class directly effects the opportunities children in the UK receive. How parents present themselves is also influential to childs education, Abigail Beall, (2003) states how Facebook researchers found that children often have similar, if not identical, careers to their parents. The study suggests that working class families with working class jobs, could result in lack of motivation for children to aspire to earn more or have better careers than their parents, they instead seek immediate gratification, often obtaining jobs in manual labour due to a lack of interest in education. In middle class families however, children often apply themselves educationally to follow in their parents footsteps, this deferred gratification usually leads to further education such as university. (Kennon, J., 2012)Apart from the influence of parents, the effects of housing and the environment can also effect opportunities within education. A leaflet by Lisa Harker 2006, for Shelter England details how one study found that: parents in overcrowded homes were less responsive and spoke to their children in less sophisticated ways as opposed to parents in less overcrowded homes. This lack of communication and sophisticated language was linked to having a negative effect on children s learning, as they became less expressive and unable to voice their thoughts with the correct vocabulary. Furthermore overcrowding results in a lack of suitable space for children to study, creating disruption at school. Attendance at school from Children in overcrowded homes was low as a result of health reasons, as illness can travel faster between individuals in close proximity. According to a National Child Development Study, into the effects of poor housing conditions, the effects of cold and damp also correlates to a lack of attendance in school due to illness. A study completed in Cornwall found: installing central heating into rooms of children aged 9 to 11 helped respiratory problems and increased school attendance. Prior to this children lost 9.3 days out of 100 due to breathing problems, this decreased to 2.3 days lost after intervention. (Harker, l. , 2006) Apart from poor housing conditions, catchment areas can also effect childrens educational progression. Kate Hughes (2017) claims that: 25% of parents relocate to a particular catchment area, and were willing to spend an additional 12% on top of the market value. This proves that middle class parents can afford to provide children with better educational chances before school begins. (Hughes, k., 2017)Apart from location, whats within the home can also effect educational attainment. Lack of accessible technology/internet, creates poor performance at schools. Valerie Thompson of E – Learning Foundation states lack of a home internet connection or a computer could mean that children struggled to research homework or complete coursework. This could also suggest that children were unable to receive feedback or access school resources. Her research established that there were 750,000 children in households without internet access, and 650,000 without a computer. According to the E-Learning Foundation, that figure shows the divide between rich and poor and the effects this has on childrens progression within education. (Burns, J., 2013)The divide between class and educational attainment is argued by Diane Reay to have not yet occurred. Within education, she states that: the working classes are still getting less education than the middle classes, just as they had when my dad was at school at the beginning of the 20th century. She argues this is as a result of less affluent children being given more restrictive educational offers, thus effecting the league tables and resulting in teachers focusing on Maths and English. (Ferguson, F., 2017) Diane Reays suggests that teachers therefore treat children differently based on their class; the issue of labelling then comes into effect. Theorised by Snyder et als, self-fulfilling prophecy theory, if ones is labelled enough they begin to act in accordance to that label. The article states that working class children aged 4 can tell theyre in the monkeys (a lower set,) because theyre not very clever. Teachers then labelling these children as lower sets will have a negative effect on their overall learning and progression from an early age.Labelling and stereotyping also influences the academic achievement of ethnic minorities. Professor Jennifer Eberhardt, took two scenarios of children misbehaving and asked teachers how they would punish the children based on their actions. In scenarios in which the students were black, teachers seen the bad behaviour as more concerning. Interviews were also conducted with teachers, parents, and head teachers about their opinions on black pupils/students. Overall participants expressed strong feelings about how black boys are labelled as a result of their clothing, friends; reputation and how they communicated. The report concluded that once black pupils gained a reputation for bad behaviour, it became difficult to convince teachers that they could improve. (Demie, f., McLean, C. 2017)Despite underachievement of Black/Caribbean students, other ethnic minorities are surpassing their White British counterparts. In 2013 of all children receiving free school meals it was proven that at aged 16, ethnic minority groups were outperforming white working class pupils in attaining five GCSEs grade C and above. Existing government funded studies suggest that this is due to parental factors, including high aspirations and expectations resulting in higher attendance and few exclusions.Language barriers are also an influential factor to ones attainment. When children immigrate to England, they are assigned English intervention classes, and only allowed to integrate into classes once they had basic level English. Once in mainstream classes, teachers are often strict on pronunciation and writing. This sparks debate whether separating students based on their language barriers is the right thing to do. Arguments made, suggest students could integrate in all their classes with specialist support however, as linking pupils together regardless of language causes faster integration, which in turn creates a mo re positive approach to education. (Morrison, N., 2014)In recent news, it has been discussed that boys may need additional support throughout their educational lives, due to women achieving better grades. Camilla Turner (2015) reports that girls now seem to outperform boys in mathematics, reading and science literacy within 70% of all countries. The article clarifies, that except for over achievers, boys have poorer educational outcomes than girls in the UK. Hannah Richardson references research by the Higher Education Policy institute to argue why boys underachieve in schools, it was found boys and girls will often have different attitudes towards school work. Furthermore, the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development found boys tend to spend an hour less on homework when compared to girls. The report also states that boys are more likely to get distracted, which in turn means they are less likely to study from home. Despite this however, men still outperform women when it comes to prestigious subjects and applying to universities. (Richardson, H., 2016)In addition, Rowenna Davis (2010) explains that there is a decline in women entering into stereotypical male based subjects. In 2005 women made up 24% of computer study classes however five years later in 2010, women only accounted for 19%. Since the year 2000 there has been no increase in women entering maths, this statistic remains at 38%. The same rule applies for engineering and technology where women only make up 15% of all classes. The article argues that womens intolerance towards STEM subjects (Science, technology, engineering and maths) are deep rooted as career advisors are teaching students to go into stereotypical subjects. An argument can therefore be made that subject choices within schools are not providing pupils with equal opportunities, as they at reinforcing careers advice based on gender.Lastly, the way in which pupils are graded also has a significant impact on performance within education. Despite evidence stated above, 2017 A-Level results witnessed men surpassing females in quality of grades. Rachel Pells (2017) argues this is because assessment types have been changed in favour of exam based grading. Previously it was a mixture of both exam and coursework based assessments. The article argues females apply themselves better in coursework based studies, whereas boys tend to revise heavily a couple of weeks before exams, thus meaning equal opportunity within school assessing isnt achieved.To conclude, despite government policy stating that equal education is given to all, it is evident that both internal and external factors indicate that this is an impossible task. The research suggests that educational achievement and attainment is predisposed from birth. Ones class, ethnicity and gender dictate how well they will achieve or underachieve within education. To claim that all children in the UK are given equal opportunities to succeed is incorrect due to different factors playing a huge part throughout their academic life, and into adulthood.Bibliography:Beall, A. (2016). Facebook research shows how our parents career choices affect our own. [online] Mail Online. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3504404/Taking-family-business-Children-tend-make-career-choices-based-jobs-parents-siblings-have.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Burns, J. (2013). Poorest pupils lack home internet. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20899109 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018].Demie, F. and McLean, C. (2017). Black Caribbean Underachievement in Schools in England. [online] Lambeth.gov. uk. Available at: https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/rsu/sites/www.lambeth.gov. uk.rsu/files/black_caribbean_underachievement_in_schools_in_england_2017.pdf [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018].Davis, R. (2010). Women students stick to traditional subjects. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/jul/13/women-students-stem-subjects [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018].Desforges, C. and Abouchaar, A. (2003). The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment: A literature review | Creativity, Culture and Education. [online] Creativitycultureeducation.org. Available at: http://www.creativitycultureeducation.org/the-impact-of-parental-involvement-parental-support-and-family-education-on-pupil-achievement-and-adjustment-a-literature-review [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Ferguson, D. (2017). Working-class children get less of everything in education including respect. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/education/2017/nov/21/english-class-system-shaped-in-schools [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018].Hawker, L. (2006). Chance of a Lifetime. [online] England.shelter. org.uk. Available at: https://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/39202/Chance_of_a_Lifetime.pdf [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Hughes, K. (2017). Quarter of UK parents move house for the school catchment area. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent. co.uk/money/spend-save/uk-parents-move-house-school-catchment-area-quarter-best-education-a7908046.html [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018].Kennon, J. (2012). New Study Finds The Ability to Delay Gratification Correlates with Reliability of Others. [online] Joshuakennon.com. Available at: https://www.joshuakennon.com/new-study-finds-the-ability-to-delay-gratification-correlates-with-the-reliability-of-adults-in-a-childs-life/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Morrison, N. (2014). Breaking down the language barrier for EAL pupils. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2014/mar/05/teaching-eal-foreign-languages-students-integration-schools [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Pells, R. (2017). Boys overtake girls in top A-level grades for first time in a generation. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co. uk/news/education/education-news/a-level-results-2017-boys-beat-birls-top-subjects-english-maths-history-first-time-a7898186.html [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018].Richardson, H. (2016). Why do more girls go to university?. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37107208 [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018].Turner, C. (2015). Girls do better than boys at school, despite inequality. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co. uk/education/11364130/Girls-do-better-than-boys-at-school-despite-inequality.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018].

Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives

Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives By Mark Nichol While reviewing an article or a story you or someone else has written, you notice a preponderance of iterations of what are often referred to as attribute tags phrases that identify a speaker, such as â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she said.† What do you do about this repetition? Several possibilities exist. The most obvious solution is to vary your attributions by using synonyms for said, and you can easily find such word sets online. But first, a couple of unconventional suggestions: First, consider leaving them as is. If you’re writing a news article or a similar piece of content in which you are quoting one or more people, you’re doing so to identify your sources and clarify who made each comment. That’s a basic journalistic principle, and even if your content is not strictly journalistic in nature, it’s not necessary to employ a wide array of variations of said. Note that reporters do not shy from repetition of functional attribute tags such as â€Å"Smith said† and â€Å"he said.† Skim a handful of news article, and you’ll see it’s true. That’s because journalists know that readers virtually ignore the repetitive verb in favor of keeping track of the shifting nouns or pronouns. Also, said is preferable to many of its synonyms in straightforward nonfiction because it doesn’t have the subjective bias that more colorful synonyms such as groaned or yammered do. Of course, feature articles and more extensive interviews are another matter. In those cases, judicious replacement of said from a small store of synonyms is reasonable, but know the difference between acknowledge and admit, for example, and understand that crowed or gasped or proclaimed are outsized alternatives that must fit the context. Often, you’ll find that it’s just as effective to delete attribution as it is to vary it or, at least, to reconstruct sentences so that you indirectly introduce a quotation rather than directly attribute it. This approach is applicable for narrative nonfiction or for fiction. Here is a range of alternatives for attributing a statement: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he said. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he hissed. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he whispered menacingly. He turned to me and said, â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† His reply was emphatic: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† He looked at me coldly, and his parting words haunted me: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† What about attribution in extended dialogue in fiction? Refer to the works of your favorite novelists to assure yourself that few attribute tags employing some variety from the choices displayed above are necessary, as in this hypothetical excerpt: â€Å"This is Bert’s initial statement,† Bert said. Ernie stared at him in disbelief. â€Å"This is Ernie’s response to the first statement.† â€Å"This is Bert’s reply to that response.† â€Å"Ernie uses Bert’s name in this question.† â€Å"Bert answers the question,† Bert replied as he lit a cigarette. â€Å"Then he elaborates on his reply.† â€Å"By now, it’s obvious that the two characters are trading brief comments, each in its own paragraph, so no attribution is necessary here.† â€Å"However, if the conversation becomes more complex to the point of multiparagraph speeches, a simple, single attribution within each paragraph will suffice to clarify who is speaking,† Bert insisted. â€Å"Or the writer can mention, for example, that Ernie shifts uncomfortably as Bert explains himself, or that Bert pauses deliberately for effect, or something like that.† As Ernie strode out of the room, Bert heard him say, â€Å"Just don’t ravage Roget in a strenuous effort to lace conversations with vivid but distracting alternatives to said.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S"Confused With" and "Confused About"12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Academic review of a journal article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic review of a journal article - Essay Example The research was aimed to provide answer to tow questions: the what and the how of decision processes of senior finance executives (Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder 2010). Nobody has built an integrated picture of how executives make the major finance decisions and by what factors/aspects they guided (Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder 2010). The authors highlight that the literature doesn’t offer integrated explanation of the mainline finance decisions and that it is missing not only the joint test but also variables problems as it relies on theories. Therefore, many decisions and firm’s behavior cannot be explained as it omits non-quantifiable data (Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder 2010). Authors of the paper provide the literature review of managers as wealth destroyers followed by the growing importance of sustainability and risk aspects in decision making process. Finance managers are viewed as wealth destroyers, however, there is very limited information in the literature reviewed and discussed by Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder (2010). Another issue that the authors are reviewing through the literature relates to the importance of sustainability and risk in finance decision making processes. Even though both these factors are not related directly to finance, finance managers increasingly rely on non-financial data in decision making process. Authors review the elements of ESG (environmental, social and governance) and highlight its importance in the modern business environment through the literature review. Finance managers tend to make their decisions based on environmental and social aspects rather than solely on financial data. Authors have designed a methodology that enabled them to resolve the questions set at the beginning of the paper. As the initial step that would provide information for further investigation, authors of the

How emotions impact consumer behaviour Dissertation

How emotions impact consumer behaviour - Dissertation Example Marketing strategies of HSBC is a clear demonstration of emotional influence on customers through cultural messages. It is also seen that McDonalds’ emotional campaigns has an edge over Burger Kings because of its ability to react to customers’ emotions rather than their minds. The data thus collected through secondary sources is summarised in the discussion to show how they cater to the research aims and objectives. Lastly suitable recommendations are provided with regards to the managerial implications of emotionally influential strategies over consumers’ behaviours. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 4 Chapter 1 Literature Review 8 Chapter 2 Methodology 13 Project plan and approach 13 Chapter 3 Critical evaluation and analysis of the data 15 Chapter 4 Conclusion 24 Recommendations 25 Reference 26 Bibliography 30 Research aims and objectives Since the 90s researchers have acknowledged the fact that the consumers are not always rational as the consum ers are mostly driven by their emotions. The impact of emotions on consumer behaviour is evident from different aspect of research. Some of the factors which are important in understanding the behaviour of the consumer are like recall, attention; decisions making etc. Consumers are often described as being rational in the decision and the ways they interact with different consumptions. The rational consumer behaviour theory assumes that emotions can be controlled. However many scientist believes that emotions do play a vital role in human and effects the behaviour of consumers. Therefore emotions are defined to be an intense affect, a feeling which comprises of behavioural, physiological and cognitive reactions (Boyd, 2009, p.70). Therefore this paper deals with the objective to... This research is being carried out to understand why the consumers purchase and what makes them to make the purchase. The motive to understand the consumer behaviour and the reason for its purchase caters around the concept of marketing the goods and services. Consumer behaviour portrays emotions as one of the causes of behaviour which can be manipulated for any managerial purposes. Emotions are related to contingencies of reward and punishment which influences the consumers in the market place. Therefore emotion is an appraisal of a change in feelings originated by the brain activities, it’s a phenomenon that is undetermined by a brain state because each different brain can generate an envelope of emotions, and it also depends from person to person. Emotions can be measured by way of facial expression. The best way to measure emotions is through heart rate of a consumer. This paragraph illustrates that there is no standard way to measure emotions and the impact of emotions on the consumers and in their thought process. Different studies towards consumers emotions have focused on emotional response to advertising, and on the role of emotions towards consumers satisfaction. Emotions have also contributed in the context of services such as complaints, service failure and product attitude. Holbrook & Batra developed their list in regards to emotion; they uncovered an arousal, pleasure and denomination dimension in their data, and showed that these emotions mediate consumer’s response to advertising.

Pornography and the Efferct on Aggressive Behavior Essay

Pornography and the Efferct on Aggressive Behavior - Essay Example The paper will also research on the position of American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with regard to issues concerning pornographies. Pornography and the Effect on Aggressive Behavior Pornography has been blamed for causing sexual misconduct and antisocial behaviors among teenagers. In addition, pornographic pictures and videos have received unending accusations for contributing to increased raping cases as well as aggressive behaviors among the viewers. However, the above perceptions about pornographies can be termed as mere illusions without significant support and proof. Whether pornographies are present or absent, aggressive sexual behaviors still survives in our societies. The urge to rape or engage in rape depends on individual’s sexual orientation and control, and more on the psychological makeup of a person. For that case, it is hard to prove that when individuals watch pornographies then their likelihood to rape is increased. This is because some culprits of raping ha ve inborn and unethical lusts on women. Other aggressive sexual behaviors such as forced masturbation among students in mixed schools, does not entirely rely on watched pornographies, but may occur due the parties attaining adolescent stage. Watching pornographies is in fact a boost to healthy relationship among couples and sexual partners. Watching pornographies humbles sexual partners as it provides the parties with more explicit and perfect styles of playing serious sex to the satisfaction of the all the parties. Malamuth, Koss and Addison (2000) explicate that when watching the videos and pictures of porn, sexual partners learn the most appropriate postures, the most appropriate body languages and the level of maturity required during sexual intercourse to ensure complacency of every partner upon sexual intercourse. Watching pornographies provides the rare clues about the emerging regions that are sensitive to arousals. Pornographies also provides ways to develop confidence duri ng real sex thus enabling the sex partners play sex fearless of each other as they regard the proceedings as normal and worth practice (Simrings, Klavans & Busnar, 2009). Such information offers explicit pleasure during sex and omitting any offensive or aggressive motives. When couples are satisfied with each other during sex, the marriage gets spiced up making the bedroom very lively and accommodating at all times and even helps in improving physical fitness and wellbeing of partners, thus elongated life. Watching pornographies unlike the common belief has positive effects to the health of an individual. It is advisable that when is heavily stressed, he/she should watch pornographic pictures or videos, which will automatically divert their attention and emotions from stress to more adaptable condition. Pornographies can assist patients succumbing to severe pains tolerate and manage the pains. This is mostly practical to patients who are allergic to pain killers at any time they get injuries. According to Slade (2001), watching pornographies also have soothing and entertaining effects on the particular individuals especially to men when they are lonely and away from their ladies. Pornographies can be considered as mediums of sexual communications because the particular consumers get attracted and develop desire to fulfill their sexual needs and curiosities.

User Interface: Complexity, Types and Performance

User Interface: Complexity, Types and Performance User interface complexity A user interface is the means in which a person controls a software application. A user interface should provide the user with an easy experience, allowing them to interact with the software in a stress-free and natural way. The GUI (graphical user interface) is a program that contains graphical controls which the user can select with a keyboard or mouse. â€Å"The GUI complexity is the most important value to consider when selecting a technology for user interface classes. (Rayhan, 2003)†. To decide on the complexity of the user interface it is important to consider all possible user interfaces for the ePS system. We should also reflect on a variety of categories which include simple data input, static view of the data, customisable views, dynamic view of the data and interactive graphs. The simple data input allows the user to enter data into the system. The static view of data can be either a table, tree or graph that is not affected by the changes in the system data. â€Å"The customisable view allows the user to customise the appearance of static data without making a new request to the server. The dynamic view of data is automatically refreshed to stay current while the underlying system data changes. The interactive graphs are similar to dynamic views. The graphical view is automatically updated as the underlying system data changes (Rayhan, 2003).† Below is a list of user interfaces for the ePS system: Login user interface: The login user interface allows the user to enter their username and password to gain access to the system. Create E-Prescription user interface: The Create E-Prescription user interface allows the general practitioner user to create an E-Prescription for a patient, view their personal details and view their medical history. Dispense medicine user interface: The dispense medicine user interface allows the pharmacist user to view the patients E-Prescription, check if the medication is in stock and dispense the medicine. Manage ADR report user interface: The manage ADR report user interface will load a ADR report form on a web page for the user to enter in their adverse drug reaction to a particular medicine. Deployment constraints for user interfaces The deployment constraints are as imperative as the complexity of the user interface. When considering deployment constraints it is essential to have categories in which to compare. The following deployment constraints can occur within our ePS system: Any web browser on the internet: This deployment constraint must allow the user interface to perform on any web browser on any computer. The web browser Opera does not support Java which means that all images and much less dynamic HTML, so the user interface would be presented in text form only. Late-Model web browser on the internet: If each web browser is no more than a few generations old then we will also know that the computer is also no more than a few generations old. Number and types of users The number and type of users influence the technology selection in two ways. One influence being that a large number of users can force the technology for the entity, control and lifecycle classes to balance well. A large number of users can also encourage the selection of user interface technology. A larger audience makes straightforwardness of deployment and maintenance costs major factors. Small number of dedicated users: These are a small group of users who can help to outline the system and who profits from the system. Since these groups are willing to invest their own time to learn the system, functionality is the main priority. General use within an organisation: In regards to the system, this group of users are generally much larger, but they can be less motivated. These types of systems tend to support the organisation rather than contributing to the business. For example time tracking and benefits management. Large audience with high interest: The ePS system must have a large audience that are extremely involved. These users may be unconnected from one another. The users may log on to the system to exchange information e.g. the E-Prescriptions or to collaborate information about the patients and the medicine. Huge audience with low interest: In terms of the ePS system, it must attract and serve indecisive audience. If the ePS system runs slowly and wastes the audiences time it will cause the audience to be disengaged. Available bandwidth The bandwidth available is also another crucial factor when selecting technologies. Certain groups of technologies can allow developers to meet low bandwidth restrictions. However, other technologies make bandwidth constraints worse. The categories for bandwidth restrictions are as follows: Dial-Up connection: The dial-up connection is now the least common type of connection to the internet. However, Dial-Up connection is suitable for systems that let users view text, images and to enter data. This would be suitable for the ePS system when the user logs in and loads the ADR report form. The ADR report will load up on a web page. Fast internet connection: Fast internet connections consist of digital transmissions over phone lines, cables and satellite transmissions. This is mainly to enable a quicker internet connection. Dedicated network between client and server: This type of connection will allow the client and serves to exchange data at considerably high speeds. Types of System interface The technology for a system interface is determined by a current outer system. If an external system is not available, you must describe the system interface and then select an applicable private technology. System interfaces are divided into the following three categories: Data transfer: Many system interfaces exist merely to transfer large lumps of information from system to system. These interfaces are referred to as electronic data interchange. Services through a protocol: This system interface will allow a system to make requests through an agreed protocol. The server will allow a system to validate itself and request data by sending predefined codes. Direct access to system services: This system interface will allow a client system to directly call selected methods in the server. The server exposes these certain methods for remote access. Performance and Scalability The performance and scalability requirements are becoming one of the most important features in the selection of technology. Performance must be balanced against data integrity and any multiuser system and there aren’t many single user systems left. The performance and scalability factors are usually found by inspecting the class diagrams and sequence diagrams from the analysis model. The following are the three main categories that may affect the performance and scalability: Read-only: Certain systems only allow the user to view system data, but do not allow them to update it. Isolated updates: In most systems the user is allowed to change the systems data and the changes do no conflict with one and other. Concurrent updates: In some systems many users change the systems data, but with some changes affecting the same data. The following sections below describe the performance and scalability factors for each use case in the ePS system: Create E-Prescription use case: In the Create E-Prescription use case the system retrieves and displays the patient’s record. After the user enters the diagnosis and the system must update the current data with the new data. This use case is described as â€Å"Isolated updates† or â€Å"Concurrent updates†. Dispense medicine use case: In the dispense medicine use case the system retrieves and displays the patients E-Prescription. After the user checks the stock levels and dispenses the medicine the system must update the status to â€Å"Complete†. This use case is either described as â€Å"Isolated updates† or â€Å"Concurrent updates†. Record ADR use case: In the record ADR use case the system retrieves and displays the ADR entity objects. After the user updates the entities the system must update the data with the new data. This use case is either described as â€Å"Isolated updates† or â€Å"Concurrent updates†. Login use case: In the login use case the system locates the user entity object that corresponds to the actual user. Once the object is located, the system must determine whether the username and password is valid. The means the systems needs to read the username and password from some sort of persistent store. No data will be updated therefore the â€Å"Read-only† description is appropriate. Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis: Proton Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis: Proton Macro: Macro environment refers to the overwhelming and external factors that the firms cannot have the influence on which can affect its business if not addressed. The economy of Malaysia has been in a healthy growth, however it the year of 2012 has dropped. In addition, the inflation rates of the year 2012 have dropped from a whopping 2.7 to satisfactory 1.3 during a year. These factors have directly affected the inflation and unemployment rates of Malaysia, this is because the inflation rates have fallen and the unemployment rated have fallen as well. Micro: Micro environment refers to the internal factors that relates to a business environment which can affect the business’ operation. These factors are suppliers, shareholders, competitors, customers and distributors. These factors have played a very big rule in the performance of proton, where proton has a big problem with their suppliers, as well as a drop in its market shares, as they have a big competitor in the market which is Perodua, the other factor that has affected proton is the customs, where Proton is facing difficulties in dealing with their customers, in fact proton is losing its customers due to the lack of service and lack of trust. Cross Culture and Global Issues: Being an automobile industry, this firm has to deal with other cultures on a daily basis. Cultures are hard to define values, norm, and traditions. Understanding culture is an extremely complex concept. Various theories have been made on culture but the most projecting perhaps is of Greet Hofstede’s. Hosfsted’s Cultural Dimensions: Collectivism and Individualism: This refers to the extent to which people of a country a willing to work together. In collectivistic societies people tend to better put the groups needs first eliminating personal goals, whereas countries with invidualistic culture have follow personal or individual attainment over the groups. Power Distance: this refers to the extent to which people accept the hierarchal position to be authority in the business environment. Meaning in high power distance societies like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, people tend to respect the authority because of their hierarchal of social status other than personal achievement like that in the low power distance societies like France, Italy. Uncertainty Avoidance: Refers to the extent to which people accept change in the society. Countries like Indonesia, North Korea, and Japan represent a high uncertainty avoidance whereby they dislike change. Masculinity and Feminism: relates to the role of women in different cultures, masculine culture believes Male to be the dominant part of the family and the only one allowed to support the family financially. Cultures with low masculinity dimension show females to be an important part of the workforce. Global issues: When it comes to addressing global issues to and automobile industry (Proton) most of the issues are relevant, whether it is of rising cost, taxation, global financial crises, regulations safety and health issues, all of the issues can be tracked back to an automobile industry (proton). There are many factors that Proton has to constrains before going overseas, for example, the tax fees is different in different countries, as well as the economic condition which will affect the sales, these are some of the issues that have to be addressed from Proton. Business volatility and risk Management: Considering the automobile industry (Proton), it took thousands of failed attempts before finally making a plane that could’ve worked. With every attempt being shot down, the amount of risk involved kept increasing but it was a necessary evil to reach to the point now where cars are made with perfection and counter abilities to have a safe driving. In the case of Proton, there are a number of risks involved which the mangers in charge have to think about. Initially, since the automobile industry is a huge business, the risk of investing enormous capital is the prime risk which decides the fate of the operation. Secondly, there is the risk of economic decline or inflation to sweep over which would directly affect the businesses in the service industry such as carmakers. Thirdly comes the cost of the fluctuating cost of material steals globally which has been increasing. The point is not to note out the risks involved the point is to manage risks relating to the merger effectively. Branding Success and Challenges: Branding is a concept originated for as far back as the 1200 in Sweden, where they used to burn insignia’s on a horse to differentiate it from others. For a company that wants its name out in the market, it takes extensive marketing, heavy funds, and a lot of patience because it takes a while. Reaching brand awareness is only the first step, and then the company needs to reach its target market, once it’s done then it comes Brand loyalty, whereby customers prefer choosing a brand they have become loyal to. If the brands present a particular negative perception of the company then it may take a long time and efforts to change the perception of the masses. For example, when Lexus was first revealed and appreciated by the masses, it was unknown that it belonged to Toyota, because of Toyota’s perception of being an economical and affordable automotive vehicle. Business Sustainability: It is one thing to start a business but it is another to sustain it. By sustaining it doesn’t always mean running it profitably, it also include social and environmental obligations, risk and opportunities it has. There are a number of ways in which companies can ensure their business sustainability which would be as follows; Shareholder engagement. Environmental management system. Reporting and disclosure. If proton implements these sustainable strategies into their operation and monito the quality, sustainability can be expected. Tuckman theories on teamwork: Introduction For the subject of Business and Commercial Awareness, we got an assignment to make a business plan for Proton. According to Dr Mahathir’s statement â€Å"our immediate plan would be to change its strategy from being a maker of cheap cars to become a world standard car manufacture†. Stage one: Forming The class was divided into a group of five members, each of the members was giving a department to work on, and these departments are Finance, Operation, Human Resource, and marketing. Unfortunately I was given Finance department, where I have to analyse the current situation of Proton’s finance performance. However, before the assignment my knowledge of finance was substantially lower than an average final year student of Business Administration, but I have had a mind-set to not pay attention to things that do not interest me for as far back as I can remember. Stage two: Storming Then we moved into the second stage which is storming, in this stage we started to push against boundaries. We have many conflicts between us in the nature of our working style, where each of the members has a different working style, for example in marketing department, where Amir and Khider were handed this part, they had many issues in solving the problems which cause frustration to the entire group, as well as I was giving Finance department, which was a big challenge for my authority. As the team work wasn’t clearly defined, which cause us to feel overwhelmed by the workload. I believe that it was mission impossible for us to overcome the issues we were facing in this stage; we could not even come up with the framework for our strategies, which was a big disappointment. We end up working these issues out with Dr Tan, and finally we could move to the next step. Stage three: Norming In this stage we finally identified our goals, and each of the members is fully aware of the methods and the strategies which should be adopted in order to achieve our goal. As well as trust and apperception was built between us, where the leader of our group Ben was a big motivation for us, he has helped each of us to take responsibility for progress towards achieving the goal. As most of the discussions were conducted through a facebook page. Stage four: Performing In this stage we solved all the problems and issues by using appropriate controls, and we have achieved and effective and satisfying result. It was amazing that we worked collaboratively to achieve our goal, as there was caring from the members towards each there. For example Brain Scot was very helpful in helping me with my part in Finance department, he recommended me on how to finalize my part. In addition to, the commitment from the group members increased positively towards the group work comparing to the first stage.

The Feminist Perspective of Taming of the Shrew Essay -- Taming of the

The Taming of the Shrew  by William Shakespeare is a play that is ahead of its time in its views toward gender roles within society. Katherine is a woman who is intelligent, and is not afraid to assert her views on any given situation. She is paired with another obstinate character in Pertuchio. The Marriage formed between the two is a match made in heaven for two reasons. First Because Katherine is strong enough to assert her views, and more importantly, she realizes when she should assert them. The second reason the bond survives is that Petruchio is strong enough to accept the fact that Katherine has a mind and, more importantly he loves her for that reason. Petruchio cleverly weaves the relationship into the framework of society without compromising the integrity of the relationship. Petruchio does this by comparing Katherine’s at attitude to repulsive clothing. Carefully and calculatingly, Petruchio forges a relationship that is envied by all who witness it. Called "cursed Kate" throughout the play, Katherine is openly jealous of the attention he sister is receiving, whereas she, because she speaks her mind, is being bypassed and even avoided in the wooing process. Katherine reveals this attitude in act 2 scene1, lines 31-35, "nay, now i see she is your treasure, she must have a husband; i must dance barefoot on my wedding day, and for your love to her, lead the apes to hell. Talk not to me i will sit and weep!...." This anger is not concealed, it serves to provide motivation as to why a rational person would rebuke petrucchio so rudely upon first encountering him. Katherine surely realizes that petruchio is interested in her for ulterior motives other than love. Be it purse that the dowry will bring or the actions of an... ... between Petruchio and Kate is contrasted with the superficial properness of the relationship of bianca and lucentio. In this play as any other, Shakespeare proves to be a visionary. Petruchio achieves his goal through witty persuasion rather than resorting to beating his wife like many a man before him has done. Though Shakespeare does not go as far as some feminists would like him to, Shakespeare does much for the fight of equality of the sexes. Katherine’s as strong, or stronger than any woman in Shakespeare’s plays. The amazing thing is that she achieves this without ulterior motives such as lady Macbeth. She is an honest, bright independent woman. She is not underscored by her subservience to petruchio in public, for "the sun breaks through the darkest cloud" and so do Katherine’s assets break though the public visage of subordination to her husband.

Heroes: Twinkle Little Star and Hero

Heroes What is a hero? Usually people think of heroes as people who fight crime in movies or comic books, but those people don't exist in the real world. I think a hero is an everyday person that can change the world. Someone that inspires or helps you. My hero isn't an actor, a singer or even a dancer. In fact he's never been on TV or on the radio! But, those things aren't what make people hero's it's what's inside that counts. My hero is strong yet gentle, honest, trustworthy and loving. My hero knows Just what to say when I'm feeling sad. My hero is my dad.Your probably thinking â€Å"well that's a stupid hero† or â€Å"there's nothing special about a nobody†, but my dad IS SPECIAL, and not because he is my dad, but because he is the most trustworthy person I know, and not only that he is generous, kind and filled with love. At the age of two, I learned how to sing â€Å"Twinkle, twinkle little star†, count from 1 to 10, memorize A to Z, and many more. He neve r fails to teach me good values and have faith with God. He has helped my family and me to succeed at anything we do because he believes in us and supports us.He never puts himself before anyone else. My dad is my protector, mentor, and my trainer. Working hard to provide all my needs, protecting me every time, and guiding me as I grow up. He's my best teacher! Overall, my dad is amazing and I can call my dad as one of the â€Å"best dads in the world† and that makes him my SUPERHERO. Now look at your hero's and think about what makes them a hero, not that there good at sport or always on the TV, but look inside their hearts and then decide if there truly hero's at all. Heroes: Twinkle Little Star and Hero By theavanwyk9133

Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Essays

Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Essays Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Paper Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Paper 5. 1. Summarise the expected stages of children’s behaviour. Children need guidance and personal example from the adults around them to help them learn what is acceptable and what behaviour isn’t acceptable. Behaviour is greatly influenced by primary socialisation and children will react and take in how close family members act. Bandura developed the modelling idea where children would copy the adults around them. â€Å"There is much evidence that a child who witnesses or experiences violence at home may develop aggressive tendencies. There are a number of different types of behaviour these include assertive, aggressive, submissive and manipulative behaviour. When a child is showing signs of manipulative behaviour they tend to blame others for their actions rather than taking responsibility. Children who act in this way may have underlying issues affecting them, they could be lacking in self confidence and have a low self esteem, this may also c ome across in the child as being withdrawn or down in themselves and possibly in others. If a child has self esteem issues then there may be a problem in the child’s life that affects this. Self esteem and self worth are all about liking who we are. Children need to feel like they belong. This applies both at home and to social situations. If a child is not accepted or feels that they are not accepted then it can have a negative impact on both their emotional security and on their behaviour. † Submissive behaviour is similar to manipulative in regards to self relief and self worth. They are likely to just agree with everybody else and never input there opinions or values as they feel others are better than they are. When a child shows signs of aggressive behaviour it could be bravado a false perception of the child and the only way the child feels they can cope is by acting defensive and by having an aggressive attitude. â€Å"The development of aggression was seen by Bandura as being a result of social learning. His experiment with children watching a film of adults hitting dolls was fascinating as the children copied it and saw that as acceptable behaviour. † There is also another theory about aggression and this is the biological theory. This states that humans need their own space or territory and that if that space is threatened they will react with aggression. Frustration is also seen to produce aggression, observe a small child who cannot do something he or she wants to – the result may be a tantrum or an outbreak of aggression. † The act of aggression can also be started in a child through boredom, the activity or game may not be challenging enough and this may cause the child to act this way to seek attention. â€Å"A theory known as the frustration-aggression hypothesis combines the instinctive nature of aggressive with learning theory. It was put forward by Dollard et al in 1939, although was later revised. The basis is that, although there is an inborn aggressive instinct, it tends to be triggered when people are feeling frustrated. This linking of frustration with aggression may explain why some children have dolls or objects onto which they heap their anger. † 5. 2. Analyse strategies to encourage appropriate behaviour. There are many ways to encourage appropriate behaviour. Children learn from the adults around them they watch, copy and take in each action and how adults respond to situations. Ways to encourage a child to behave properly can be by giving rewards and praise for being good. Forms of rewards can be from sweets to toys or even helping out in future activities. Giving sweets isn’t as rewarding as it may seem as this affects children’s behaviour as many children become hyperactive and also they may expect this reward every time but if these are given the behaviour may change for the worse. A better reward would be fruit and a sticker showing the child that they have been good and that they could receive these each time. Empowerment is also an effective strategy to encourage a child’s behaviour, children need to be encouraged from an early age to help them deal with issues they may face, but adults also need to support and protect the child. If a child has a feeling of control in them and their lives then there confidence and self esteem will be lifted and this will help their behaviour. If a child is given the chance to make their own decisions they will feel important and in charge helping how they act. Play should empower children, affirm and support their right to make choices, discover their own solutions, to play and develop at their own pace and in their own way. † Children can behave badly due to many different reasons; one most common cause of bad behaviour is separation and changes in a child’s normal routine as joining a nursery is usually the first time a child is separated from its parents. Parents are usually able to stay with their child for a little while to help s ettle the child in. The key worker system is useful as this will help the child feel safe and secure with that person. â€Å"It is often helpful if the same member of staff welcomes the child each day, particularly in their first few weeks of attendance. This helps build security and gives both the child and their parent a focal point where they can say goodbye with limited distress. † Another strategy for managing behaviour is the ABC strategy, which is based on social learning theory. When a child finds it difficult coping with new challenges and becomes distressed its best to deal with this with consistent responses. Showing a child attention whilst behaving positively helps them as they will stop associating gaining attention with behaving badly. This is positive reinforcement and needs to be done regularly as if a child’s behaviour is challenged occasionally then â€Å"this can be described as negative reinforcement, as the actions of the adult do not give a consistent message to the child that the behaviour is unwanted. The result is likely to be a more frequent display of the unwanted behaviour. † 5. 3. Summarise procedures to inform and document inappropriate behaviour. When children behave differently to other children and act aggressively and non cooperative its best to talk to the child’s parents and to work together as this is vital. From parents you can find out how the child acts at home and the response that the child gives to his parents when punished. If a child behaves so badly that both parents and carer can’t manage the situation then professional advice may be needed to establish if there are underlying issues that are affecting the child and the behaviour could be the only way that feelings and emotions can come out. When dealing with a misbehaving child its best not to shout at the child but to just speak with a strong raised voice to show the behaviour is wrong. Any form of inappropriate behaviour is important to be documented and also the forms of discipline, such as time outs, should be reported to parents verbally and also in writing. Behaviour policies are a good way to make sure everyone works to the same guidelines and can help staff to refer back and decide what actions to take. Policies are also useful as it would be made available to each parent from the start of childcare so they are aware of what boundaries the staff goes by and that are in place. â€Å"A clear behaviour policy may help a team to develop and maintain a positive approach to children and such a policy is part of communication in partnership with parents. † 5. 4. Analyse the implications where behaviour can be attributed to specific special needs. Behaviour can show other problems in children. These problems may be ncontrollable for the child as parents or carers may not have noticed that the child has further problems. Some children are unable to concentrate and work well with others and their behaviour can show this difficulty. Children who show continuous signs of behaviour problems may have a condition that causes the child to be unable to concentrate and learn. These conditions are ADD and ADHD. â€Å"Children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) find it hard to focus on an ac tivity and see it through, even a game they choose and enjoy. They are easily distracted but, because the children may simply go quiet or wander off, they can be missed in a busy nursery. † This condition could show how a child behaves differently and struggles to communicate with people and other children. â€Å"You will not miss those children who have Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). They not only move continuously from one activity to another, they also demand adult attention with loud behaviour and may disrupt other children’s games. There non-stop activity can also stretch into the night and their parents are exhausted. When children show either of these signs of difficulties parents and even carers may need extra help from professionals who deal with these situations daily and can give help and advice on how to control the child or work with the child to keep behaviour reduced. There are also other signs of behavioural problems that can be related to special needs. â€Å"Children with an autistic spect rum disorder can appear inattentive and behave like a much younger child in that they are highly focused on a narrow range of interests and very hard to redirect. Other experiences affect a child’s behaviour. Divorce can potentially affect a child’s behaviour it all depends on the adults around them and their ability to explain, or not explain the situation and the child will also recognise how their life has changed when the divorce is finalised and when one of the child’s parents no longer lives in the same home. The child in this situation mainly needs reassurance that their life won’t be affected too much and that they will still be safe and in a stable environment. Due to a situation like divorce it can influence the way a child behaves as they may feel frustrated with what is happening and this may be seen through unwanted behaviour. â€Å"Early experiences affect children in ways that can be seen through their development but also in the way they behave. Sometimes you will find that persistent worries or fears weigh on a child and do not lift despite sympathetic communication. † Domestic violence can affect a child’s behaviour greatly even if they are not receiving the abuse. If a child experiences domestic abuse then they become more likely to respond to situations with aggression. To a child the situation of watching, either their father abuse their mother or even the mother abuse their father, will seem normal whether its verbal abuse or physical attacks they will feel that when upset or frustrated that this is the way to act and that this behaviour is the appropriate solution to life as they have been taught no different. â€Å"The experience of domestic violence may mean that children themselves are more likely to deal with even minor upsets with an aggressive attack. Fighting back with words or fists will be what they have known, so it seems the obvious option. † - [ 1 ]. Children’s care, learning and development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, page 13 [ 2 ]. BTEC First Early Years, Sandy Green, Nelson Thornes, 2003, page 14-15 [ 3 ]. Children’s Care, Learning and Development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, page 13 [ 4 ]. Children’s Care, Learning and Development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, p age 13 [ 5 ]. Early Years: 2nd Edition, Penny Tassoni, Heinemann, 2006, page 406 [ 6 ]. Children’s Care, Learning and Development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, page 215 [ 7 ]. BTEC First Early Years, Sandy Green, Nelson Thornes, 2003, page 61 [ 8 ]. BTEC First Early Years, Sandy Green, Nelson Thornes, 2003, page 63 [ 9 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 615 [ 10 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 285 [ 11 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 285 [ 12 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 287 [ 13 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 225 [ 14 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 225

Breast Feeding Program Essays

Breast Feeding Program Essays Breast Feeding Program Essay Breast Feeding Program Essay Essay Topic: East Of Eden CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The nurse has become fully aware that breastfeeding, one of the major issues in child care today, is generally considered the best milk for infants. How, breastfeeding mothers have decreased so much that the campaign for breastfeeding as a key element is increasingly implemented here in the Philippines by the Department of Health and worldwide by the World Health Organization (WHO) to contribute to the achievement of health for all by the year 2000 through Primary Health Care. The breastfeeding program embarked by the Department of Health is actively implemented all over the country, from north to south. Researches now and then are being done by Filipino pediatricians, public health workers, nutritionist and nurses and other interested researchers. these studies have motivated planners and implementers alike to focus their attention to the status of the breastfeeding program, particularly on the degree of compliance or acceptance of the program among Filipino families and clientele. Considering that the public awareness of the advantages of breastfeeding is very high while its degree of compliance is low, the nurse researcher specifically desires to investigate possible reasons behind this current situation which negates the goal of Executive Order (E. O. ) No. 51 or the Local Milk code. Conceptual Framework Breastfeeding as applied in human nutrition is a process of feeding a newborn milk directly from the breast of the mother whose milk provides all the nutrients a human baby needs including substances that promote growth and help fight infection. Breastfeeding among humans has certain important advantages which are the following: a) provision of significant protective components against chronic diseases such as allergies and asthma; b. anti-infection components against meningitis, diarrhea, ear infections and pneumonia; c. reduction of maternal risk of developing ovarian cancer, pre-menopausal breast cancer, osteoporosis and hip fractures in later life; d. development of mother-infant bonding; e. evelopment of maternal nurturing behaviors; and, f. development of trust of the infant. Any breastfeeding program aims for the attainment of a realization of the aforementioned benefits. The assessment of the success of the breastfeeding program after delivery is based on the attainment of these benefits for both the mother and the child. Department of Health’s Breastfeeding Program implements due to the following factors: 1. poor orientation of nurses to their roles in the Breastfeeding (BF) program, . incompetence of nurses as health educators on breastfeeding caused by lack of content, ineffective strategies, lack of planning and poor evaluation and follow-up by nurses; 3. lack of cooperation of clients due to family’s lack of support to breastfeeding, clients’ low awareness level, negative influence of mass media, absence or lack of administrative support of the BF program, and absence or lack of community linkage as well as support of the BF program and professional nurses. All the above factors brought about the failure of the BF program resulting to the low level of child health status. They are various positive factors that bring about the high degree of compliance to the Department of Health Breastfeeding program. These are the following: 1. high level nurses’ awareness of their roles in the Breastfeeding (BF) program, 2. nurses’ competence as health educators on BF program evidenced by the adequacy of content, effective strategies, good planning, good evaluation and follow-up of health education activities by nurses, . full cooperation of clients as evidenced by their full support to the BF program, high level of awareness, and positive mass media influence, 4. adequate and strong administrative support to the BF program, and, 5. strong community linkage / support to the BF program and professional nurses. The success of the Breast Feeding Program will surely be assured if all the above factors are present. The end goal of high level wellness / status of children will eventually be attained through breastfeeding. The ultimate goals of the Breastfeeding program which are the positive outcomes of the high degree of clients’ compliance, which are closer mother-child bonding / healthy babies / children / families and eventually, a strong, healthy community. Figure 1, show the interrelationship of how this study is being conducted. In Input – it presents the variable needed to be utilized to assess the breast feeding program of mother after delivery as implemented by selected non uniformed police and police officer nurses in Philippine National Police general Hospital. The following questions going to investigate as: (1) Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: category, age, gender, civil status, religion, ethnic origin, educational attainment and length of service in the hospital, (2) At what is the extent is the degree of breastfeeding compliance with regards to: rooming in procedure, feeding technique, mini banking, information, education, communication, training and prohibition observed? (3) How did nurses rate the factors influencing the degree of compliance of clients in this program in terms of the following: personnel and administrative supports, (4) What are the activities of the nurses with regards to breast feeding policy, and (5) Is there a significant difference between the breast feeding compliance and its implementations as implemented by non uniformed police and police officer nurses of the Philippine National Police General Hospital. Throughput in the next box presents the description of the respondents in terms of demographic profile, survey questionnaire, statistical treatment, presentation and its analysis that makes all data gathered interpreted. Output, the last box also shown the projecting outcomes as to improve the present practice of the non uniformed and uniformed police officer nurses in the Philippine National Police General Hospital Input Throughput Output Figure 1 Paradigm of the Study Statement of the Problem This research aims to assess the implementation of breast feeding program as implemented by the non uniformed police and uniformed police officer ob gyne and nursery nurses in Philippine National Police General Hospital. Specifically it sought to answer the following: 1. What if the profile of respondents in terms of: category, age, gender, civil status, religion, ethnic origin, educational attainment, and length of hospital experiences? 2. At what extent is the degree of breast feeding compliance with regard to: rooming in procedure, eeding technique, mini-milk banking, information, education, communication training, and prohibition observed? 3. How did nurses rate the factors influencing the degree of compliance of clients in this program in terms of the following: 3. 1personnel, 3. 2Administrative supports, and 4. What are the activities of nurses in breast feeding program? 5. Is there a significant difference between the breast feeding compliance as imple mented by non uniformed police and uniformed police officer nurses of Philippine National Police General Hospital? Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the breast feeding compliance as implemented by non uniform police and uniformed police officer nurses of Philippine National Police General Hospital. Scope of the Study The study will attempt to investigate the degree of compliance to the Breastfeeding Program after delivery of admitted clientele in Philippine National Police General Hospital as evaluated by the non uniformed police and uniformed police officer nurses based on the requirements and standards of the Department of Health (DOH). Based on the established degree of compliance, the researchers will further delve into finding out specific factors that contribute to the present situation being observed. The investigation of factors related o compliance to the program will then be followed by an analysis by the researcher to find what particular factors favor or not favor compliance. The nursing aspect of the program will be particularly further observed. The professional nurses’ role in the program of the Department of Health (DOH) will be given much attention among the various factors to be considered in the study. The researcher will utilize a pre-tested checklist evaluative tool specifically prepared and based on the standard requirements of the DOH Breastfeeding Program. Limitation of the Study The respondents will be a ten (10) non uniformed and ten (10) uniformed officer ob gyne and neonatal intensive care unit nurses from Philippine National Police General Hospital, recognized by the Department of Health (DOH) as baby-friendly. These respondent nurses in all levels must be particularly assigned in obstetrical departments of this hospital. The checklist forms will be properly administered to ensure high retrieval percentage. Significance of the Study The findings of this study will be highly significant to the following: 1. The supervisors of these staff nurses who will provide continuing education on breastfeeding. 2. The nursing service administrators who will give more emphasis on breastfeeding program in their planning of nursing services to be provided in their respective hospitals. 3. The nursing educators, all levels, to strengthen their content and strategies in teaching breastfeeding as a nursing intervention to nursing students. . The health program planners and implementers to always base their services on results of the studies on breastfeeding by nurse practitioner. 5. The general public who will appreciate more the role of professional nurses in the success of the Breastfeeding Program. Definition of terms To provide more clarity and effect common understanding the following terms are defined: Baby-Friend ly Hospital. Refers to any health institution where there is an environment created to increase the infant’s chances of survival like rooming-in and breastfeeding measures. Breastfeeding. Is a natural process and the best process of providing nutrition after birth p to six (6) months when the baby sucks or feeds straight from the mother’s lactating breasts aided by the mother’s let-down reflect (LDR) which results in milk supply for the baby. Breastmilk. Is the human milk secretion normally produced by a lactating mother found to be rich in defense factors, hypoallergenic and convenient to use for infant nutrition. Breastmilk Substitutes. Means any food being marketed or otherwise represented as a partial or total replacement for breastmilk, whether or not suitable for that purpose. Clientele. Refers to lactating mothers who are confined in five (5) Metro Manila hospitals under study. Compliance. Means the degree of voluntary acceptance and use of the breastfeeding technology by intended post-partum and nursing clientele who are partners in health care and involve themselves in decision-making as active participants in health care of themselves and their newborns. Degree of Compliance of Breast Feeding. Refers to the client compliance of the breast feeding as implemented by the non uniformed police nurses and uniformed police officer nurses in Philippine National Police General Hospital in reference with the Executive Order 51 known as Local Milk Code. Department of Health (DOH). Refers to the Department of Health which by virtue of Executive Order E. O. 119 of 1987 is charged with the responsibility of protecting the health of all Filipinos through prevention of diseases, promotion of health and longevity, treatment of illnesses as well as rehabilitation through its health, environmental and related services and program. Expressed Breastmilk (EBM). Refers to milk expressed from a lactating mother, either mammally or with the aid of a breastfeeding. Health Care System. Means governmental, non-governmental or private institutions engaged directly or indirectly in health care for mothers, infants and pregnant mothers, including those in private practice. Low Birth Weight (LBW). Refers to babies with birth weight of less than 2,500 grams. Milk Code. Refers to the international and/or local milk code as in: a. International Milk Code by the World Health Organization of 1981 – deliberated upon by member nations, supporting breastfeeding from birth to six (6) months of life before breastmilk substitutes are served. b. Executive Order (E. O. 51) – the local milk code signed in 1988 by President Corazon C. Aquino entitled â€Å"Adopting a National Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Breastfeed supplements and Related Products Penalizing Violations thereof, and for other purposes. Primary Health Care. Refers to the currently applied health as well as global development strategy described as accessible, available, essentials at a cost that the country can afford to provide and maintain in order to attain the global goal of health for all in Year 2000. Rooming-in. Refers to the practice of placing the newborn in the same room with the mother right after delivery up to discharge to facilitate mother-infant bonding and to initiate breastfeeding. Rooming-in Plan. The system where the baby in his crib remains at the mother’s bedside for the greater part in a day and both mother and baby are treated as one unit. As an excellent educational approach, it affords both psychological and physical advantages for both as well as the father right after birth. Specifically the breastfeed baby because of proximity will avail of prompt provision of milk (breastmilk), influencing positive temperament of the child and fostering more satisfying mother-child relationship and stronger family unit. Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW). Refers to infants with birth weight of less than 1,500 grams. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter discusses related studies and reading both from local and foreign literature which directly provide basis for this study. It will serve as a rich source of informative facts for the researcher to utilize in the various parts of the study. Foreign Literature As early as 1980 at the thirty-third World Health Assembly â€Å"infant and young child feeding† was extensively reviewed and discussed by the delegates. Based on these wholesome discussions, the World Health Director-General per request of the delegates prepared† as International Code of Marketing of breastmilk substitutes in close consultation with member states and with other parties concerned. The International Code supports breastfeeding from birth to six (6) months of the infant’s life and after which complementary foods or breast milk substitutes can be served. These foods are also called weaning foods. The international code major purpose is to attribute to improved infant and child nutrition and health. It was considered during the WHO deliberations that the Code’s implementation by the member states must be closely monitored according to WHO’s constitutional procedures and for the assembly to take any measures for the code’s effective application. Member states were then mandated to make full use of their organization – at global, regional and country levels by requesting its technica l support in preparation of national legislation, regulation or other appropriate measures and in the monitoring of the application of the code. The Philippines’ answer to the above international code of marketing of breastmilk substitutes is the Executive Order (EO), 51 sign by President Corazon C. Aquino. This local milk code is being vigorously implemented at the community level through the integration of the Breastfeeding Program in the various Maternal and Child Health Program of the Department of Health. Steve (2002), Chicago (USA) study of 83 children revealed that breastfed children were both physically and mentally superior to those who were bottle-fed. The interpretation here is based in favor of the infant stimulation than that of the nutritional value. Hill (2001) pointed out â€Å"that LBW and VLBW infants present a special challenge for the nursing staff in establishing and maintaining optimal breastfeeding experience†. Factors important for the promotion of lactation, such as early mother-infant contact, on-demand feedings and early initiation of breastfeeding may be difficult to implement in the care of LBW and VLBW infants. These infants often portray poor sucking behaviors, which play a significant role in milk transfer and subsequently the production of milk. o initiate and sustain lactation, mothers of LBW and VLBW infants must often mechanically express their milk for several days or weeks before the infant can suckle at breast, recommend pumping at least 8 times in 24 hours if feeding at breast cannot occur. Ingales ( 2000) based on his study reported that breastfeeding of course, has an ancient biologic basis an d is still the most universally recommended way of providing an infant with nourishment. A mother should carefully consider the advantages of breastfeeding when deciding how she will feed her infant. A father who is supportive of breastfeeding will influence the mother’s success. Therefore, he should also be given information regarding the advantages of breastfeeding. She states that: â€Å"Putting the baby to breast contributes to the mother’s well-being in that the stimulation of the infant’s nursing causes the recently emptied uterus to contract and helps in the return of this organ to its proper size and position, a process called involution. A further benefit is the relaxing effect that prolactin, the milk-producing hormone. has on the mother†. Many investigators believed that the baby receives certain immune factors through the breastmilk that help protect the baby against diseases to which the mother may have been previously exposed. It is agreed that as a general rule breast-fed babies have fewer respiratory tract infections and alimentary tract disturbances. Certainly, when environmental hygiene is poor, breastfeeding is preferred over the great possibility of contaminated artificially prepared feeding because breastmilk is normally sterile. The observation that cow’s milk was first designed for calves, whereas mother’s milk is specifically designed for babies, is indisputable. he curd of human milk is softer than that of cow’s milk and is easier for a baby to digest. Breastfed babies have fewer allergy problems. No prolonged preparation time is necessary, and in the long run, successful nursing is less expensive. Obesity is seen less often in children who have been breastfed. If the mother nurses h er baby, the return of menstruation may be delayed until several weeks after weaning, but nursing is no guarantee that pregnancy will not occur. However, the nursing mother may experience such a sense of closeness to her baby, fulfillment, and motherliness that this becomes the primary reason she continues to nurse. Olds (2001) discussed that it is important to teach the mother comfortable positions for feeding her infant and to coach the parents in their responses to their newborn’s cues as needed. Before feeding, the mother should be made as comfortable as possible. Preparations may include voiding, washing her hands, and assuming a position of comfort. Rooming-in offers spontaneous, frequent encounters for the family and provides opportunities to practice handling skills, thereby increasing confidence in care after discharge. It also encourages feeding in response to cues from the baby, rather than feeding by a fixed schedule. The best preparation for maintaining lactation after return to work is frequent, unlimited breastfeeding and enjoying the baby. Rosdahi (2000) reported that because it is so widely recognized that breastfeeding is the best nutrition for human infants, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have launched a Baby-Friendly Hospital initiative. This initiative suggests ten steps that, if adapted by all hospitals, would create an atmosphere conducive to breastfeeding success as follows: Establish a written policy supporting breastfeeding that is routinely communicated to all health care personnel. Educate all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding. Help women initiate breastfeeding within half and an hour of birth. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from the infant. Give newb orn infants no food or drink other than breastmilk unless medically indicated. Practice rooming-in (i. e. allow mothers and infants to remain together) 24 hours a day. Encourage breastfeeding on demand. Give no pacifiers to breastfeeding infants. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from delivery center or hospital. Breastmilk provides numerous health benefits to both the mother and infant: a) breastfeeding may serve as a protective function in preventing breast cancer, b) the release of oxytoxin from the posterior pituitary aids uterine involution; and, c) successful breastfeeding can have an empowering effect because it is a skill only women can master. Breastmilk contains secretors immunoglobulin A (IgA), which binds large molecules of foreign protein, including viruses and bacteria, and keeps them from being absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract of the infant. Pilliteri (2006) discussed: as the average post-partal hospital stay ranges for only 1 to 2 days, a mother has very little time to become acquainted with her newborn before going home. If the infant says in the room with her (rooming-in) rather than in a central nursery, she can become better acquainted with her child and begin to feel more confident in her ability to care for him or her after discharge. She revealed that: â€Å"Not only does rooming-in allow mother-child and father-child relationships to develop rapidly, but a couple also tends to retain anticipatory guidance and instructions in newborn care better because a nurse demonstrated bathing, feeding, changing and so forth on the child. † Sizer (2001) revealed that as the time of childbirth nears, a woman must decide whether she will feed her baby with breastmilk or formula. Before she makes her choice, she should be aware of the things about breastfeeding. She discussed why breastmilk is good for babies: Breastmilk is tailor-made to meet the nutrient needs of the human infant, its carbohydrate is lactose, and its fat provides a generous portion of the essential omega, fatty acid, linoleic acid and its products. In addition, a mother who consumes food in omega-3 fatty acids will pass these beneficial nutrients on to her child through breastmilk†. The protein of breastmilk is especially digestible and useful to infant growth. Breastmilk contains fat-digesting enzymes that help ensure efficient absorption by the infant. Breastmilk also conveys information to the infants about its environment by way of antibodies, whole proteins, and other constituents. According to Florence Murphy, Breast Feeding Your New Baby (January 6, 2006). Breastfeeding is Natural. Babies need to eat often, every 90 minutes to two hours. Feed your baby when she begins to show signs of hunger, such as rooting or sucking on her lips, fingers or fist. Try to feed her before she cries. Feeding your baby often won’t spoil her. It will help you learn to become more aware of your baby’s needs. Don’t limit feeding times. Babies need different amounts of food at different times of the day, just as grown people do. Breastfeeding is natural, but it takes a little time for babies and mothers to learn what works best for them. You may have sore nipples when you first start breastfeeding. The pain can be reduced if your baby is held properly when attached to the breast. Jernstorm, H. says â€Å"Breast-feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers mutation carriers. â€Å"J National Cancer Institutes 2004, have shown that women who breastfeed have lower risks of developing breast cancer. Recently, data from 47 studies in 30 countries was re-examined. The group concluded that the incidence of breast cancer in developed countries could be reduced by more than half if women had the number of births and lifetime duration of breastfeeding that have been common in developing countries until recently. According to the analysis, breastfeeding could account for almost two-thirds of this estimated reduction in breast cancer incidence. According to Young, T. K. et al. Type two Diabetes Mellitus in Children, Arch Pediatric Adolescence Medical Book 2002. There are many studies linking development of insulin dependent Type one diabetes (formerly referred to as â€Å"juvenile diabetes†) to lack of breastfeeding. The result of a study from Finland suggest that the introduction of dairy products at an early age, and high milk consumption during childhood increase the level of cow’s milk antibodies in the children’s systems. This factor is associated with an increased risk of insulin dependent diabetes. Now a new study has indicated that breastfeeding in infancy may help reduce the risk of Type two diabetes. This sort of diabetes was formerly referred to as â€Å"adult onset† diabetes, but has been mysteriously occurring in more and more youngsters. According to Beltran â€Å"Ecological Study of Effect of breastfeeding on infant mortality in Lantin America. â€Å" Br Med J 2001, Numerous studies have shown that diarrheal infections are much more common in formula-fed babies. This is true throughout the world, despite a common misconception that only people living in areas with contaminated water need be concerned with this issue. Such infections are more likely to be fatal in developing nations, but all formula –fed infants are at greater risk that their breastfed peers. According to Oddy, WH (2003), â€Å"Brest feeding and respiratory morbidity in infancy: a birth cohort study† Archives of Disease in childhood 2003, Breastfeeding effectively protects nursling from amny life-threatening respiratory infections including those caused by rotaviruses. Studies have shown breastfed babies are less than half likely to be hospitalized with pneumonia or bronchitis, and have one-fifth the number of lower respiratory tract infections compared to formula-fed infants. According to the meta-analysis of studies from developed countries, the risk of severe respiratory tract illness resulting in hospitalization is more than tripled among infants who are not breastfed, compared with those who are exclusively breastfed for four months. According to Updegrove, K â€Å"Necrotizing Enteroclolitis. The evidence for use of milk in prevention and treatment. † J Hum Lact 2004, This disease occurs most commonly in premature or sick newborns. In NEC the lining of the intestinal wall dies and sloughs off. Premature infants fed their own mother’s milk or banked human milk are one sixth to one tenth as likely to develop NEC. One of the Australian study estimated that 83% of NEC cases may be attributed to lack of breastfeeding. The article of Martin RM â€Å"Does Breast-Feeding in Infancy Lower Blood Pressure in Childhood? †. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005, a 2004 study of 4763 British children showed that 7. 5 years later, those who were breastfed as infant had lower blood pressure compared with those who were never breastfed. In another new study from the U. K. a small but important reduction in adult diastolic blood pressure is associated with having been breastfed as an infant. Foreign Studies Marandi (2000) conducted a study about the reasons for early weaning among mothers in Tehran. He interviewed 900 mothers using a systematic randomized sampling method. a total of 15 percent of the mothers were illiterate, 93 percent were housewives and 97 percent had given birth in hospitals. Only 39 percent of the newborns benefited from rooming-in facilities in hospital, and 68 percent were bottlefed while still in hospital. In 3. 1 percent of cases the mother had not breastfed her newborn at all. Of those who had breastfed their infant, 38 percent used only their own milk, whereas 62 percent used a combination of breastmilk and infant formula. The median duration of breastfeeding was 16 months (mean, 14 months). a total of 74 percent of mothers who used supplementary formula and 39 percent of those who had completely stopped breastfeeding blamed milk insufficiency, although 67 percent of these mothers had reached this conclusion only because their infants cried or were irritable. The study revealed that the following factors had their negative influence on the duration of breastfeeding use of supplementary formula and of estrogen-containing contraceptives; fathers with high incomes; and mothers with a high educational level. In contrast, the mother’s religious motive to breastfeed and her insistence on breastfeeding had a positive impact. Unfortunately, 21 percent of the mothers started using supplementary formula during the first month postpartum and two-thirds before the end of the fourth month. Every month that bottle feeding was started prematurely shortened the duration of breastfeeding by 20 days. On the average breastfeeding was initiated 42. 5 hours postpartum and for more than 70 percent of mothers who breastfed, 20 hours or more after delivery. According to Jenny Sigler of Pregnancy and Parenting Writer of Breastfeeding: Seven Things You Might Not Know (2006). Breastfeeding is the perfect for the growing baby, full of nutrients, antibodies, and a perfect balance of fat and calories. Nursing can also be a rewarding and healthy experience from mom too. Here are seven other facts that you may not have heard about breastfeeding, including its benefits, complications, and protective laws: Fact # 1: Breastfeeding may reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. Fact # 2: Your breast size has nothing to do with the amount of milk you can produce. Fact #3: Nursing mothers are protected by United States Laws. Fact #4: Breastfeeding can be difficult, even with the best intentions. Fact #5: Your baby can smell the unique sent of your breast milk. Fact #6: Your breasts will be ultra sensitive and responsive. Fact #7: The inability to produce enough milk for your baby is rare. According to The Breastfeeding Book, Copyright 2000, M. Sears, R. N. and Wm. Sears, Nursing mothers often joke about falling asleep on the job. The sleep inducing qualities of nursing a baby are remarkable. Infact, some new mothers have to be careful to hold a nursing baby in such away that they will not drop the child when they inevitably nod off. Nursing in bed is a great solution. Even pumping at work can be a great way to calm down and get refocused during a stressful day. All this relaxation is caused by the hormone oxytocin, which is released each time a mother breastfeeds. It decreases blood pressure and calms the mother. Interestingly, one study found that there were far fewer incidences of domestic violence and sexual abuse in breastfeeding families. According to A. A. P. Breastfeeding Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk Pediatrics Vol. 115 No,2 February 2005, â€Å"Human milk is species-specific, and all substitute feeding preparations differ markedly from it, making human milk uniquely superior for infant feeding. Exclusive breastfeeding is the reference or normative model against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and all other short- and long-term outcomes. In addition, human milk-fed premature infants receive significant benefits with respect to host protection and improved developmental outcomes compared with formula-fed premature infants. Pediatricians and parents should be aware that exclusive breastfeeding is sufficient to support optimal growth and development for approximately the first 6 months of life and provides continuing protection against diarrhea and respiratory tract infection. Breastfeeding should be continued for at least the first year of life and beyond for as long as mutually desired by mother and child. Martinez (2001) conducted a study on breastfeeding among the urban-poor in southern Brazil which revealed that breastfeeding practices over the first 6 months of life among a cohort of urban poor infants in southern Brazil indicated that the median duration of breastfeeding was 18 weeks, and at 6 months 41 percent of the infants were still being breastfed. The duration of breastfeeding was significantly associated with the following: the infant’s sex, mother’s color, type of first fed, timing of the first breastfed, breastfeeding regimen and frequency of breastfeeding at 1 month, and the use of hormonal contraceptives by the mother. Dissatisfaction with their infant’s growth rate was the most frequent reason given by mothers for supplementing the diets of infants who were exclusively breastfed in the first 3 months of life. also, the mother’s perception that their milk output was inadequate was the most frequent reason expressed for stopping breastfeeding in the first 4 months. The role sof health services and family support in providing favorable conditions for increasing the duration of breastfeeding in the study population are discussed, as well as the possibility of bias being introduced into studies of the relationship between infant feeding and growth by the effect of the infant’s rate of growth on the mother’s decision to continue breastfeeding. Cousens (2000) findings revealed that either prolonged breastfeeding may offer substantial protection against clinical malnutrition in the study population or malnutrition leads mothers to stop breastfeeding. These results are inconsistent with those of a number of workers who have reported that prolonged breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk of malnutrition. This inconsistency might have arisen because of differences in the definition of malnutrition used or because of variations in the quantity and quality of weaning foods available in different settings. They found no evidence to support the hypothesis that prolonged breastfeeding may be detrimental to children. Local Literature Breastfeeding researches done by Filipino health workers especially pediatricians reveal certain findings about acceptance or compliance of mothers in the breastfeeding program. One study by Dr. Hyglia Beyer in Celestino Gallares Memorial Hospital 2003, revealed that the initiation of breastfeeding by itself does not assure continuance of good breastfeeding practices and that hospital based efforts may need to be complimented with community based initiative where nurses can help a lot to sustain desirable feeding practice. According to the study of Dr. Gloria Baens-Ramirez, et. al. (2000), early education on advantages of breast milk versus commercial milk is contributory to improved degree of compliance. â€Å"Kangaroo Care at PCMC† by Dr. Ramirez and Company (2001) further revealed that those who practice Kangaroo Care feel more confident in handling tiny premature babies at home since parental participation was maximized early in the management of newborns. This technique according to the study encourages parents to breastfeed their babies for longer period of time. In another study presented by Dr. Cristina Vince-Cruz (2002), cultures of milk samples show that bacterial growths were higher in milk formulas (artificial or commercial) compared to breast milk by 48 hours incubation. â€Å"Alay Gatas Community Project† presented by Dr. Ramirez in August 3, 2001 Convention of Breastfeeding in the Department of Health, Convention Hall was conceived and being implemented in cooperation with selected barangays with the primary purpose of â€Å"raising the community consciousness regarding the nursing mother’s important role in promoting the children’s health and nutrition, ultimately shaping the nations future†. According to Department of Health (DOH), on June 2001, World Health Organization and United Children Emergency Fund jointly launched a global effort known as Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to accelerate the promotion and protection of breastfeeding. The BFHI is a major initiative to transform maternity facilities and hospitals, worldwide, into supportive environments where women will find more guidance and encouragement to initiate breastfeeding successfully. BFHI aims to protect the lives and futures of millions of infants by making breastfeeding a universally supported practice in maternity facilities and hospitals around the world. The minimum criteria for any maternity care facility to be recognized as baby-friendly by international WHO/UNICEF standards is implementation of all Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. In the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) has launched an aggressive BFHI programme targeting all regional hospitals and medical centers and provincial hospitals in priority provinces to become baby-friendly by 1992 and still mitigating at year 2000. To fully implement the BFHI programmed, the DOH has create an Advisory Committee and a Task Force for the BFHI. The Secretary of Health chairs the Advisory Committee and the members include DOH undersecretaries for Hospitals and Facility Services and for Public Health Services, the UNICEF Representative, the WHO Country Representative and representatives from the Philippine Hospital Association, the Philippine Pediatric Society and the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. The current problem of the Philippines in the breastfeeding program is the fact that more and more Filipino mothers are not breastfeeding early enough nor long enough to meet the needs of their infant for good health. Lots of child health problems like diarrhea and pneumonia, allergies, malnutrition and other risks of intellectual, psychological and emotional nature have been observed. According to Dr. Elvira SN. Barrios, (DOH, 2000), a major concern in the Philippines are hospital obstetricians’ and pediatricians’ practices that undermine successful breastfeeding like giving of â€Å"prelacteals† of sugared water and non-rooming-in of mother and baby. The Milk Code or E. O. 51 known as Philippine Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (DOH, 1988), is the solution to the aforementioned problems. The code aims to contribute to the provision of safe and adequate nutrition of infants by protection and promotion of breastfeeding and ensuring the use of breast milk substitutes and supplements when necessary. The code also calls for intensifying of dissemination of information on breastfeeding and proper nutrition as well as the regulation of advertising, marketing and distribution of breast milk substitutes and other related products including bottles and tests. Reported studies by Dr. Perla D. Santos-Ocampo (2000), reveals that for a period of twenty (20) years rural group of mothers showed more consistency and had generally higher percentages. Urbanization caused the decline in breastfeeding and duration was shorter among the educated and working women. Angara, author of the Rooming in and Breastfeeding Act 1992. He said studies have shown that mother’s milk contains specific nutrients and antibodies which protect babies from illnesses. The 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey indicated that 13 percent of the infants were never breastfed, making the Philippines the lowest country with breastfeeding rate among 56 countries that have conducted a DHS in the past 10 years. It also showed that 39 percent of infants used infant formula milk in their first 12 month of life. During the orientation seminar on infant and young child feeding strategy held recently at the Manila Hotel, President Macapagal-Arroyo instructed the Department of Health to implement the rooming in and breastfeeding act in coordination with local government units to build breastfeeding support mechanisms in communities. Local Studies Garcia et. al. (2000) found out in their study that among children less than four months only 4. 3 percent were given breast milk exclusively. At the time of the interview, 173 of the mothers had stopped breastfeeding altogether. Focus group discussions among mothers who practiced exclusive breastfeeding showed that the mothers were advised by the attending physician/obstetrician and were convinced about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. On the other hand, mothers who did not practice exclusive breastfeeding believed that water is essential to a child who is breastfeed, in addition, mothers who stopped breastfeeding or who gave other milk in addition to breastmilk believed that their milk was inadequate to meet the child’s needs. The results of the study showed that: Initiation of breastfeeding by itself does not assure continuance of good breastfeeding practices and that hospital-based efforts may need to be complimented with community- based initiatives to sustain desirable feeding practices. Agapito, et. al. (2001) found out in their study that an infant feeding intervention project to promote breastfeeding and improved weaning practices among low-income mothers in Muntinlupa was designed. Baseline studies were conducted to document and quantify the problems of malnutrition and poor infant feeding practices and to document the determinants thereof especially at the household level. Monthly proportions showed the decline of exclusive breastfeeding without milk or liquids from 34. 7 percent at 1 month to 14 percent at 4 months. 40% were still breastfeeding at 12 months. Multivariate analysis showed that infant with the following characteristics would spend less time exclusively breastfeeding during the first 4 months of life: 1) infants given artificial milk during the first 48 hours; 2) infants who had a diarrhea episode during the first 4 months; 3) infants who had a working mother (such as for mothers doing informal work and for mothers doing formal work; 4) born outside a government facility (such as for those born at home and for those born in other medical facilities; and, 5) born in households with more time exclusively breastfed. The duration of breastfeeding was determined by the kind of mild feeding during the first 48 hours (infants given artificial milk at this time ran a risk of stopping breastfeeding much earlier compared to those who did not receive artificial milk), the maternal work status, (if the infant’s mother worked in the formal sector, her risk of stopping breastfeeding was 1. 9 times higher compared to those whose mother was not working and the infant’s birth rank (the risk of stopping breastfeeding increases 1. 1 times for every increase in birth rank). Lapid, et. l (2002), this study, showed that growth failure and subsequent protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in young children constitute a significant public health problem in many developing countries including the Philippines. almost all studies documenting growth retardation in deprived communities indicate that it begins in the first two or three years of life. In many developing countries, the period when growth faltering is almost pronounced coincides with the weaning process – a time when the nourishment of the infant progressively transfers from breastmilk as the sole source of nourishment to the usual family diet. Cross-cultural studies of infant feeding document wide cultural variation in practices and beliefs. Breastfeeding was frequently mentioned, but, if the mother was sick or tired, breastmilk was avoided because mothers believed their children would â€Å"suck† their illness or tiredness. Giving branded or commercial milk formula like Bonna and Bear Brand was positively perceived by mothers. Baldago and Barlie (2000) revelied in their study that an alarming decline in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in the Philippines has been noted, particularly in urban areas. This has been attributed to difficulties caused by lack of support from close relatives, delivering the baby in a hospital and the pressures of modern urban life. A study aimed to obtain a reliable and objective picture of current infant-feeding practices, with special reference to breastfeeding, in various parts of the world was conducted by world Health Organization. Data was collected by national investigators from families living in economically advantaged urban area, urban-poor areas and rural areas with a traditional way of life. If showed a large proportion of mothers and five times higher than Swedish mothers. The proportion among the urban-poor mother is also higher than either Hungary or Sweden. Breastfeeding is facilitated and sustained by the rooming-in policy which has been found beneficial because it provides the breastfeeding problems and allowed less work for the ward staff as it enables them to care for both mother and baby in one setting. The same setting also allowed health teachings, especially to first time mothers, how to properly breastfeed and care for the newborns. Gonzales (2002) reported that for mother and child, every healthy love affair eventually grows while the fetus is still in the womb but breastfeeding fosters more and loving relationship between mother and baby. It brings to mother a unique and intimate contact with her child, its way of looking, its smell and is response all evoke maternal behavior and reinforce her developing feelings of motherhood. As the baby grows, breastfeeding proves rewarding and deeply satisfying for the mothers. It is quite simply but certainly, breastfeeding is now an endangered practice around the world. Babies are being born into unfriendly environments, victims of widespread poverty, rapid urbanization and relentless marketing of breastmilk substitutes. Baby-Friendly Hospital â€Å"rooms-in† newborn babies with their mothers immediately after birth to make sure that breastfeeding and mother-child bonding are immediately established. Rooming-in provides immediate contact between the mother and newborn. After the first feeding of the baby, the mother is brought to the ward while the newborn is washed, after which the baby is brought to her mother. This rooming-in insures that the mother will be able to breastfeed. This rooming-in policy insures that the mother will be able to breastfeed. Really there is no substitute for a mother’s milk. Tacio (2001) reported â€Å"Human milk, according to the United Nations health agency, is more than a simple collection of nutrines. † It explains: â€Å"Mother’s milk is a living substance of great biological complexity that not only provides unique protection against disease, but also stimulates the baby’s own immune system†. But despite the benefits derived from breastfeeding, the practice keeps on declining in many countries. UNICEF reports that breastfeeding is now an endangered practice – not only in developed countries but in developing countries as well. He revealed that if only all mothers breastfed their newborns, the world would save some US $16 billion annually. This is the amount mothers spend to feed babies with infant formulas. annual expenditures for the importation of breastmilk substitutes is estimated at US #29 million each in Thailand, the Philippines, Columbia and Ethiopia, $50 million in Nigeria and $70 million in Brazil. In February, 1992, the first found assessment of hospitals was conducted by the DOH and UNICEF using the global BFHI Hospital Assessment Criteria. Last June 10-120, 1992, the second round assessment was conducted and results shown eighteen hospitals baby-friendly and three hospitals to be given certificates of commitment. Leyba (2000) conducted a study on the implementation of breastfeeding in rural and urban areas revealed that breastfeeding implementation is declining nowadays since it has only an average percentage of 34. 16 percent both in rural and urban areas. It did not even each the 50 percent or more. Breastfeeding method assumed greatest importance among the depressed rural families since they cannot afford much to buy those marketed formula milk and they still believe on the traditional practices. Urban poor families implement more the bottlefeeding and the combine method since they need to work for a source of living. rural communities highly implement breastfeeding while urban communities prefer the bottlefeeding or combine method. Modernization and urbanization affect the progress in breastfeeding implementation. Most educated mothers implement the partial breastfeeding and bottlefeeding because they want to participate most actively in the modernization process and are most anxious to identify themselves with modern lifestyle. WVI’s Dr. Ram (http:www/medoserver. com/may2000/devcore. html) mentioned several reasons why breastfeeding is on decline around the world. He cites: Intensive and aggressive promotion of artificial feeding by the formula industry; Ill-formation among health-care workers; Women’s lack of self-confidence and lack of information about breastfeeding; Emergence of feeding bottles as a status symbol; and Giving out of free samples of infant formula to hospitals and maternities. As presented in the International Herald Tribune – Asia Pacific by Carlos Conde (July 17, 2007), in the Philippines, the proportion of babies who were exclusively fed on breast milk in their fi rst six months dropped from 20 percent in 1998 to 16 percent in 2003. Throughout Southeast Asia, only 61 ercent of women breast-fed their babies up to four months and 35 percent to six months, according to the World Health Organization, or WHO. Other health officials are concerned that, while infant mortality rates remain high, the benefits of breast milk, such as enhanced immunity for the child, are being lost. To encourage breastfeeding, the Philippine government enacted a Milk code in 1986 that regulates the marketing formula. The code bans advertisements and other promotional activities for formula intended for babies up to 2 year old. Last year, the Philippine Department of Health, concerned about the steady decline in breast-feeding and arguing that formula companies had been violating marketing regulations, revised the code, extending the promotion ban to milk substitutes fro children up to 2 years old Synthesis of the Study According to the Department of Health (DOH), the World Health Organization and the United Children Emergency Fund jointly launched global efforts known as Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to accelerate the promotion and protection of breastfeeding. The BFHI is a major initiative to transform maternity facilities and hospitals, worldwide, into supportive environments where women will find more guidance and encouragement to initiate breastfeeding successfully. The minimum criteria for any maternity care facility to be recognized as baby-friendly by international WHO/UNICEF standards is implementation of all Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. In the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) has launched an aggressive BFHI programme targeting all regional hospitals and medical centers and provincial hospitals in priority provinces to become baby-friendly. Breastfeeding is facilitated and sustained by the rooming-in policy which has been found beneficial because it provides the early identification of breast feeding problems and allowed less work for the ward staff as it enables them to care for both mother and baby in one setting. The same setting also allowed health teachings, especially to first time mothers how to properly breastfeed and care for the newborns. Rooming-in offers spontaneous, frequent encounters for the family and provides opportunities to practice handling skills, thereby increasing confidence in care after discharge. It also encourages feeding in response to cues from baby, rather than feeding by a fixed schedule. Rooming-in provides immediate contact between the mother and newborn. Baby-Friendly Hospitals â€Å"room-in† new born babies with their mothers immediately after birth to make sure that breastfeeding and mother-child bonding are immediately established. After the first feeding of the baby, the mother is brought to the ward while the newborn is washed, after which the baby is brought to her mother. The average post-partal hospital stays ranges for only 1 to 2 days, Pilliteri discusses that a mother has very little time to become acquainted with her newborn before going home. If the infant stays in the room with her (rooming-in) rather than in a central nursery, she can become better acquainted with her child and begin to feel more confident in her ability to care for him or her after discharge. She revealed that not only does rooming-in allow mother-child and father-child relationships to develop rapidly, but a couple also tends to retain anticipatory guidance and instructions in newborn care better because a nurse demonstrated bathing, feeding, changing and so forth on the child. Rosdahi reports ten steps suggested by the BFHI aiming to create an atmosphere conducive to breastfeeding success. It is as follows: (1) establish a written policy supporting breastfeeding that is routinely communicated to all health care personnel; (2) educate all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy; (3) inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breast feeding; (4) help women initiate breastfeeding within half and an hour of birth; (5) show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from the infant; (6) give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk unless medically indicated; (7) practice rooming-in (i. . allow mothers and infants to remain together) 24 hours a day; (8) encourage breast feeding on demand; (9) give no pacifiers to breastfeeding infants; (10) foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from delivery center or hospital. Therefore the need to evaluate nurses in the Philippine National Police General Hospital whether they are non uniformed police nurses or uniformed police officer nurses in compliance with breastfeeding program of government is hereby significant. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter deals with methods utilized, the data-gathering tools for data collection, the subjects of the study and the statistical treatment of data collected. Research Design The researcher utilized the descriptive-normative survey define as to describe the degree of breastfeeding program being implemented in the particular obstetrical departments of the selected government hospital. The specially prepared and pre-tested checklist was utilized to gather data to determine the factors that influence the increase and decrease in compliance to the Breastfeeding Program through the direct supervision by professional nurses in all levels. Locale and Population The research respondents in assessing the breast feeding after delivery as implemented by the non uniformed police and uniformed police officer nurses of Philippine National Police General Hospital, are ten (10) non uniformed police and ten (10) uniformed police officer ob gyne and neonatal care unit nurses assign in the obstetrical ward randomly selected from Philippine National Police General Hospital in Camp Rafael Crame, Quezon City. Validation of Questionnaire An adviser was also consulted and follows the advised mentioned by the expert. The prepared checklist administered to the three (3) non uniformed and three (3) uniformed police officer nurses assigned previously in the obstetrical wards. After finding the needed improvement the final questionnaire was submitted to the adviser for final checking. The respondents of the trial survey was not included in the tabulation of data. Data Gathering After making and improving the questionnaire, a letter of request from the researcher with the permission of the adviser presented in the nursing service of Philippine National Police General Hospital for approval. The researcher conducts a survey to the required respondents and retrieved it after. Instrument Used The researcher collected data from the list of nurses from nursing office who were assigned on the particular area, followed by randomly selecting the non uniformed and uniformed nurses as respondents, then answering the questions by utilizing a carefully formulated checklist based on the Department of Health’s Standards of the Breastfeeding Program. Statistical Treatment of Data Descriptive statistics was employed in treating the data gathered by the researcher. The relative frequency and percentage that a specific data represents were computed to achieve the most accurate interpretation of the data. For the purpose of interpreting the mean results on perceptions and effects the reference table below was used: Five Point Rating Scale WEIGHT MEAN RANGEVERBAL INTERPRETATION 54. 20 5. 00Highest Compliance 43. 40 4. 19Very High Compliance 32. 60 3. 39Moderate Compliance 21. 80 2. 59Low Compliance 11. 00 1. 79Zero Compliance The following are the formula used in this study: 1. Percentage. In computing for the percentage, the researcher will use the formula: here: P = representing the percentage F = representing the frequency N = representing the total number of respondents 2. Weighted Mean. This will be used to evaluate for the mean perception. Weighted Mean = where: x  ¬- number of cases in consideration W the assigned weights ? the symbol which indicates summation operation 3. T-test. This will be used to test for a significant †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. t = where: X1 = means of 1st group X2 = means of 2nd group n1 = Number of sample of 1st group n2 = Number of sample of 2nd group s1 = Standard deviation of 1st group s2 = Standard deviation of 2nd group . Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents the data collected, including analysis and interpretation. 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents Table1 Profile of the Respondents PROFILENON-UNIFORMED NURSESPNP NURSES AgeFrequency%Frequency% 46-Above22000 41-4522000 36-40440220 31-35110770 34-3000110 21-251100 0 Gender Male11000 Female99010100 Civil Status Single330330 Married770770 Widow00 0 0 Religion RC880880 INC220220 Born Again00 00 Jehovah’s Witness00 0 0 Educational Attainment BS in Nursing550660 With 18 units MAN110110 With 30 units MAN110 0 0 MAN330330 Doctorate Degree00 Length of Service More than 9 years660550 7 9110220 4 6220110 1 3110110 Less than 1 year00110 Ethnic Origin Luzon990880 Visayas00110 Mindanao110110 Table 1 shows the different demographic profile (age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, length of service and ethnic origin) of the two groups of respondents which are the non uniform personnel (civilian nurses) and uniform police officer nurses in Philippine National Police General Hospital. When the non uniform personnel respondents are grouped according to age, the age bracket 36-40 has the most number of frequencies with four (4) or 40%. Age brackets 46 and above and 41-45 both has an equal number of frequency which is two (2) or 20%. Also age brackets 31-35 and 21-25 has also the same number of frequency which is one (1) or 10%. For the PNP nurses, majority or 70% of the respondents are ages 31-35, 20% are ages 36-40 while there is only one respondent whose age belong to the 34-30 age bracket. About ninety percent or nine (9) out of the ten (10) non-uniform police are female, while all the respondents in the PNP nurses are female. It can be noted that majority of the respondents in this study are female. In terms of civil status, both the non-uniform police and PNP nurses have the same number of single and married respondents which are three (3) and seven (7) respectively. When grouped according to religion, both the non-uniform police and PNP nurses have also the same number of Roman Catholic and Iglesia ni Cristo respondents which are two (2) and eight (8) respectively. In terms of educational attainment, 50% of the non-uniform police have a bachelor degree in Nursing. 30% have already finished their Masters Degree while there is one respondent each for the categories with 18 units MAN and with 30 units MAN. For the PNP nurses. 0% have bachelor degree in Nursing while there are three (3) or 30% have already finished their Master Degree. When grouped according to length of service, majority or 60% of the respondents from the non-uniform police have more than 9 years of service, 20% belong to the 4-6 bracket and both 10% for the 7-9 and 1-3 years of service. Half or 50% of PNP nurses have more than 9 years of service, 20% belong to the 7-9 bracket and 10% belong to the 4-6, 1-3 and less than a year bracket. It can be noted that majority of the respondents, both from the non-uniform police and the PNP nurses, are from Luzon having a 90% and 80% respectively. . Degree of Compliance to the Breast Feeding Program (BFP) Table 2 Degree of Compliance to the Breast Feeding Program (BFP) In Terms of Rooming-in Procedure Breast Feeding Program Rooming in ProcedureNon-uniform PolicePNP Nurses WMVIWMVI All well babies shall be breastfed immediately after 2nd stage of labor4. 50Highest Compliance3. 90Very High Compliance All born vaginally without complication roomed in 1 hour after delivery(except when sick)4. 80Highest Compliance4. 30Very High Compliance All born by Cesarean Section without complications roomed in within 4-6 hours after delivery4. 70Highest Compliance3. 0Very High Compliance All roomed in babies breastfed for complicated births rooming-in as soon as medic al condition allow. 4. 40Highest Compliance4. 30Highest Compliance AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN4. 60Highest Compliance4. 08Very High Compliance Table 2 reveals the degree of compliance to the breast feeding program (BFP) in terms of rooming-in procedure. It can be noted that the Non-uniform police have the highest compliance in all the aspect in this category. To name a few, they roomed in 1 hour after all born vaginally without complication after delivery (except when sick), with a weighted mean of 4. 80 the highest in this category. They also have the highest compliance in the practice that all born by cesarean section without complications must be roomed in within 4-6 hours after delivery. The PNP nurse have highest compliance in breastfeeding all roomed in babies for complicated births rooming-in as soon as medical condition allow with weighted mean of 4. 30. They also have a very high compliance in the practice that all born by cesarean section without complications must be roomed in within 4-6 hours after delivery. Table 3 Degree of Compliance to the Breast Feeding Program (BFP) In Terms of Feeding Technique Breast Feeding Program Feeding Technique for Low Birth Weight (LBW) Sick NeonatesNon-uniform PolicePNP Nurses WMVIWMVI 1. ) Pre-terms (22-36 weeks) tube feed immediately with colostrums3. 50Very High Compliance3. 70Very High Compliance 2. ) Asphyxiated infants cannot be fed 24-26 hours and with other complications 2. 1) feed colostrums by tube3. 40Very High Compliance3. 80Very High Compliance 2. 2) oral feeding instituted after critical period3. 70Very High Compliance3. 70Very High Compliance 3. ) Hyperbilirubinemia 3. 1) continue expressed breast milk (EBM) by tube or breastfed at NICU4. 40Highest Compliance4. 10Very High Compliance 3. ) discourage formula supplements4. 40Highest Compliance4. 50Highest Compliance 4. ) Acute illness as fever, URI, diarrhea 4. 1) continue breastfeeding4. 40Highest Compliance4. 00Very High Compliance 4. 2) breastfeeding during maternal illness/certain maternal conditions3. 10Moderate Compliance3. 40Very High Compliance 5. ) Common breast problems- breast engorgement/sore nip ples 5. 1) continue frequent breastfeeding round the clock3. 50Very High Compliance3. 50Very High Compliance 5. 2) mothers with mild to moderate medical problems as in diabetes/malaria/heart disease and other3. 00Moderate Compliance3. 40Very High Compliance 5. ) give EBM by cup for mothers who have several illnesses like eclampsia3. 10Moderate Compliance3. 50Very High Compliance 5. 4) select drugs/other medications not contraindicate in breastfeeding. 4. 10Very High Compliance4. 40Highest Compliance AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN3. 69Very High Compliance3. 82Very High Compliance Table 3 shows the degree of compliance to the brea