Life through the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel

Every major occurrence in history displays a new characteristic in human beings that future generations can interpret as positive or negative. The Holocaust demonstrates to future generations a trait that exists in humans. The discovery that came with the Holocaust is the idea that humans’ main concern is themselves when they are in challenging situations. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, presents this quality in his novel, Night. Wiesel establishes through Night that the people’s primary concern is over their own protection and wellness to prove that, in times of chaos, humans protect themselves first through instinct. When individuals find themselves in difficult circumstances they avoid intervening with others’ problems as well as their own difficulties to avert harming their own interests. During the Holocaust, the outside world does not seem to be interfering for an extensive period. Wiesel is puzzled by how the Nazis could â€Å"burn people, children, an d for the world to keep silent† (Wiesel 30). The outer world avoids interfering with the Nazis because meddling would mean a danger to their own wellbeing and security. Countries and people that the Holocaust was not affecting sought only their own protection. In multiple circumstances, while the guard was beating Wiesel’s father, Wiesel does nothing to stop the guard. Intuitively, Wiesel does not jump to aid his father because he does not wish for the guard to harm him. He would rather be protected from the guardsShow MoreRelatedRoad Rage1653 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2012 Life during the Holocaust: Life in the ghettos, Dr. Mengele’s medical care, and food in the camps Genocide during WWII was unbelievably cruel and awful. The Holocaust was sure to be remembered from this time period and have permanently engraved horrible memories into those who survived. During the Holocaust many victims suffered while living in the ghettos, soon to reach the camps they also suffered there as well. The encounters with Dr. Mengele were unbearable too. Elie Wiesel’s memoirRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night And The Movie 1564 Words   |  7 PagesStruggles Through Time In the book Night and the movie, Schindler’s List, the protagonists go through major changes due to their experiences of the Holocaust, a period in history no man would want to envision. Schindler’s List is created to convey a different side for the tragic time in history, an ordinary businessman. This businessman, Oskar Schindler, wants to prove that there will be hope in this desperate time. However, the motive behind Night is different. In Night, the author Elie Wiesel aimsRead MoreThe Holocaust By Elie Wiesel1107 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement: The hardships that Elie Wiesel faced in the concentration camps lead him to lose faith, until after when realizing it was crucial to keep faith in God despite the horrendous events of the Holocaust. What God would let his people be burned, suffocated to death, separated from their families, and starved toRead MoreNight by Ellie Wiesel: The Experience of a Young Boy Trapped in the Holocaust843 Words   |  4 PagesThe book â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel is non-fiction, which is based on Elie’s experience throughout the Holocaust as a young boy. Evidently the protagonist of this book is Elie, and he explains in detail everything that happens as he was a young â€Å"normal† child, to when he escapes from the concentration camp years later. His life before the Holocaust was very different from his life during the Holocaust. This experience led him to grow quickly and have a different perspective of life and society. EverythingRead MoreThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Jews were killed during the Holocaust. The Jews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connectRead MoreNight And Dawn : The Revolutionizing Story Of Tragedy1663 Words   |  7 PagesNight and Dawn: The Revolutionizing Story of Tragedy Throughout the course of history, time has been kind to some, and evil to others. To Elie Wiesel, time has been a ruthless machine that only caused hardship and sorrow. Elie Wiesel had to encounter arguably the most tragic event in history, the Holocaust, which took the life of his mother, father, and siblings, in addition to 6 million other Jews. Essentially, the Holocaust stemmed from Adolf Hitler gaining power of Germany in World War II, whichRead MoreThe Holocaust : The World, And The Jews Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the Holocaust, my Professor, Gordon Dueck, has used Elie Wiesel’s memoir, Night, Laurent Binet’s novel, HHhH, and Norman Goda’s historical overview, The Holocaust: Europe, the World, and the Jews, 1918 – 1945, to teach us about the Holocaust. This paper will discuss the different forms of Holocaust representation that I have learned about and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of memoirs, novels, and historical overviews while learning about the Holocaust. The first type of Holocaust representationRead MoreElie Wiesel Night Reflection794 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel was born in the Romanian town of Sighet. His parents came from Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish families. Both of hi parents died in the Nazi concentration camps, as did his younger sister; his two elder sister survived. After the war, Wiesel went an Orphanage in France, studies at the Sorbonne, and became a journalist. The name of the book is call the Night. It were written in the 1955-1958. It also were written from South America, France. The book was published in Argentina, France. TheRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel920 Words   |  4 Pagesachieve a higher purpose and attain greater happiness and fulfillment in life† - Omoakhuana Anthonia. Sometimes, bad things have to happen to people for them to realize their true potential and purpose in life. This proves true for the survivors of the holocaust, they now have the power to stop thing s like this from happening ever again. For Elie Wiesel, this is especially true, after he survived he went on to write the book â€Å"Night†, this book has really helped people to understand what truly happenedRead MoreEliezer Wiesels Relationships1270 Words   |  6 Pages Elie Wiesel was a young boy, when his life changed drastically. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now Romania. He was born to Shlomo and Sarah, which they had four children, Hilda, Bea, Tsiporah, and Eliezer. Wiesel and his family practiced the Jewish religion, before he was forced into the concentration camps. In the novel Night, Elie Wiesel had a strong belief in God. When Elie and his family were sent off to the concentration camps, he tested his belief in God. In the novel Night

Communicating value Example

Essays on Communicating value Article Running Head: Communicating Value Communicating Value Inserts His/her Communicating Value The dynamics of marketing have changed greatly after the introduction of internet and other high tech communication technologies. Conventional marketing techniques are being replaced by a personalized approach as companies try to speak to consumers personally. The plethora of information available to consumers is making them more aware of the products and services offered by different companies. Internet has made consumers stronger and this is why companies have to develop a personalized approach in their marketing. Online forums and Facebook groups have already allowed consumers to voice their opinions (or concerns). Also study suggests that a significantly large number of broadband users had their purchase decision influenced by an online source (Riegner, 2007). This means a lot for marketers as now they have to use more resources to cater to the individualized needs of the people. Individual marketing mix is now based on information that previous didn’t existed. A person can go read a review and that review may influence his or her purchase decision. Now for marketers this is something new and they have to adapt to this going trend. Companies have to start internet campaigns and should attempt to establish a relationship with the consumers. Imagine product managers or brand manager of a brand answering queries of consumers personally†¦ This is the approach that is required in today’s world of interactive media called the internet. Product development will also change forever because consumer insight is so easy to access. This gives an added advantage to managers as now they can develop products that are better suited for consumers. It is easy and quick to know what consumers want and change the product accordingly. This has changed the product development process. Mass advertisement, on a large scale, is not needed in today’s era because different consumers have different needs. Companies cannot rely on mass advertisements now a day because they are too general. Specificity is required because of vast difference in individual marketing mix variables. Commercial implications of this new marketing strategy are costly because internet advertisement is not cheap. Also interactive forums should be established and managed and this will take time as well as resources. Companies cannot just end its mass advertisement marketing strategy because not all consumers are using internet today. Firms will have to carefully allocate resources to both mass advertisements and interactive marketing in order to gain maximum advantage. Mass advertisement is still needed because one on one marketing strategies are expensive to a great extent. People are also getting bored of conventional advertisement like emails and telemarketing (Nunes Merrihue, 2007).There exist a market that is not responding to such advertisement appeals and for them mass advertisement is required. One technique is to use places that people visit often and cannot avoid at all. Mass advertisements should be used to communicate to ‘busy’ consumers. Word of mouth information should be used to market alongside with mass advertisement in order to achieve the best results. Broadband is being used by many consumers but not all of them can be targeted using personalized approach. For different consumers different marketing techniques will be required. References Nunes Merrihue. (2007). Continuing Power of Mass Advertising. MIT Sloan Management Review   Riegner, Cate. (2007). Word of Mouth on the Web: The Impact of Web 2.0 on Consumer Purchase Decisions. Journal of Advertising Research, 47, 436-447

“Analyzing Political Discourses” Theory and Practice Free Essays

The use of metaphors, repetition of words and biblical references in Obama’s speech of inauguration based on â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourses† Theory and Practice by Paul Chilton Number of Words: 2589 Introduction: Political discourses are made to impress, persuade and to underline ideas to change a country. Politicians use specialized writers to write for them their discourses or use a lot of time to write one, as political discourses are important for the future outcome. For example: To be voted by the people or explain bad situation on an adequate way so that the people don’t offended. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourses† Theory and Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now To achieve this goal, several methods are used. But in this essay I will focus on metaphors, the repetition of specified words and the use of Biblical references, using methods given by Paul Chilton in his book â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice†. As experimental territory I used the inaugural speech of Barrack Obama, which he used for his first candidature to become the president of the United States of America. The Speech by Barrack Obama can be found in the Appendix. My goal is not only to see what and how he used the methods but also what goal he tried to achieve. It is important to have some background information and what the people thought of him. As for America and other parts in the world, Obama stands for a new ideology, he promises America better healthcare, the end of the War and solutions to many problems, always emphasizing that this goal can only achieved as a team/nation but does he succeed to give us this image? What tricks did he use? What is a metaphor? Metaphors are used in political discourses to replace words that the audience doesn’t want to hear or could react badly. But what is a metaphor? In literary use, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin rhetorical trope)[1] is defined as an indirect comparison between two or more subjects that are typically linked by a â€Å"is a† to join the two subjects. As an example we can take following sentence: † This Man is a beast â€Å". This is an elliptical form to emphasize the sentence that the Man is like a beast. Paul Chilton is the opinion that, Metaphors, qua models of political realities, as he calls them, are part of political discourses of today and used as vehicles to bring an opinion to a target. [2] We realize now that all of us speak in metaphors whether we realize it or not. For example Mark Johnson, a philosopher, suggests that metaphors not only make our thoughts more vivid and interesting but that they actually structure and individualize our perceptions and understanding such that each person has a different understanding and thoughts about a common subject. [3] Metaphor is for many people a device of poetic and rhetorical imagination and development rather than the ordinary language, which is wrong as proven above. Metaphor analysis in Barrack Obama’s Speech: In the following points I will reveal several metaphors Obama used and will try to reveal why he used them. But also the Biblical references used as a metaphor, or as a bridge to transfer his Ideas. 1. CHANGE IS A MOVEMENT Citation out of the Speech: 1) â€Å"Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. â€Å" 2) â€Å"The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works – whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. † In the first citation â€Å"rising tides† and â€Å"still waters† are used as source domains, whereas the target domain is the word â€Å"prosperity† and â€Å"peace†. As it can be seen in the phrases: â€Å"rising tides of prosperity† and â€Å"the still waters of peace† here, the movement is a change of location (rising) or a stationary moment (still). If it involves a movement as change of location, it can be associated with the words: forward, backward, upward, downward, etc†¦ so different directions and movements. The â€Å"rising tide of prosperity† can be seen as a state of prosperity that has moved and is changing, while peace has still not changed. This movement of which Obama is talking about can also be seen as a: flow of natural force (â€Å"the rising tides†) and substance (â€Å"still waters†). In the metaphorical expression in citation 2) the part which acts as source is the phrase â€Å"We intend to move forward† and â€Å"programs will end† where Obama is talking about the ideas of the US-government to provide jobs and a better social warranty. [4] In both metaphorical expressions, I think Obama wants to tell us that all presidents of America had taken the presidential oath to develop America. All of their effort had the aim of raising economic development and prosperity and that all of these can only be achieved as a nation with a strong political support from the people. So, the â€Å"WE† as a nation, which he uses a lot in his speeches. 2. POLITIC IS A JOURNEY 1) This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. 2) Our journey has never been one of short cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted – for those who prefer leisure to work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things – some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, which have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. In the metaphorical expression of the first citation the part which acts as a source domain is the phrase: â€Å"This is the journey we continue today† whereas the focus of the citation is the American Political life. By saying the sentence â€Å"This is the journey we continue today† gave me the impression that the American people are compared to travelers having a journey to a certain destination. Even though we know that politics is no journey as such but can be seen as such in a metaphorical way. In the metaphorical expression of the second citation the part that interacts as source is the phrase â€Å"Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted† whereas the target is also the American political life, like in the first citation with another connotation but keeping the idea of a journey in mind. We can see that in both citations have the same idea of a journey which is given to the audience. The idea behind is that the audiences who are involved in political life are like travelers on a journey, with their common need in life seen as the goal of this journey. The political activities and relation is their vehicle used to reach the goal of common interest. [5] 3. BIBLICAL REFERANCES AS A LIFESTYLE The citations I used here are taken again in a separate chapter using the theoretical rapprochement given by Paul Chilton in part III chapter 10. 1)â€Å"We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. † 2) â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. Love never fails. † In the 1st citation the source domain given is the phrase â€Å"time has come to set aside childish things† where he targets the lifestyle of the Americans. It gives the impression that the fights they had about political problems are childish and that they should focus to strive a common goal. In the second citation he uses the same idea, again using a citation out of a religious text using as source domain â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking† like before the target is the lifestyle of the Americans which Obama criticizes. It is clear that through these citations Obama tries to reason the population quoting biblical references. Comparing America with childhood and telling them that through love only, again the idea of working together, all goals can be achieved. I wont go deeper into this comparison as I will come back to it later on in the text. Frequency of words: To see what words Obama used in his speech frequently and how many times we had to know how many words are in his whole speech, which lies around 2403 words. As such I was able to give the percentage of the most used words. The word Obama laid the most emphasizes is â€Å"WE† which he used 62 times, which can be understood as his speech is about working together as a nation and is also a word used in his slogan: â€Å"Yes WE can†. Other words he used frequently are:[6] KeywordRepeatsDensity Nation 12 0,50 New 11 0,46 America 9 0,37 Today 7 0,29 People 7 0,29 The repetition of these words sticks with the listeners as such the listener will always remember this words and will combine them with the discourse of Obama. As for mind manipulation it is the repetition that stays in our mind. [7]When we are learning or looking at advertisements or when we are learning a song, we always repeat them until we know them by heart. In the case of marketing the advertisements are kept easy and shown more than one so that they stick in our minds and when we have to choose between two product we will chose the one we â€Å"know† or that we can remember of. The same is in political discourses. The more often it is repeated the more we will remember them and believe them. In Obama’s case using the words Nation, New etc†¦ he tries to underline the idea of freshness in the United States and that it can only work as a NATION. As all presidents the repetition of AMERICA, motivates the American listeners and they feel directly talked to, strengthening also the bond between the people and the nation. Paul Chilton underlines in his book that discourses often use a container concept, which is created by the words used. This container ideology is divided in three structures: in interior and a exterior which are defined by a boundary which are formed in political discourses to a container- nation with political borders given by the speech. As such it is able for politicians to give the fault to others, outside of the container while securing the interior of the container. Analysis of Biblical references Apparently it is customary in American political discourse to employ biblical language[8], which is an inherent part of the old American public way of speaking. However, given that Obama is a non-traditional and liberal candidate for president,[9] it is even more interesting to analyze the biblical references he used and give possible explanations why used following citations for his speech. â€Å"We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. † Obama quoted here, the New Testament, 1 Corinthians 13:11, dealing with St. Paul’s letter to the church in Corinth. The goal he tried to achieve of this particular example is to also aims at the Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and non-believing Americans, to include them too into the speech, for it is a text that is usually read at wedding ceremonies and is not specified to one religion specifically, as it speaks about true love in the following manner: â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes an always perseveres. Love never fails. † (1 Corinthians, 13:4) â€Å"When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. † (1 Corinthians, 13:11) These Letters were written by St. Paul to the church in Corinth in the times of internal struggles and divisions in the church, and when the church was hreatened by immoral influences surrounding the community. St. Paul’s letter was a letter of criticism and implorement to the Corinthians to stop the arguing and fighting around different problems and embrace, what he called, the most important virtue: love. [10] The choice of this particular biblical reference could be perceived as Obama’s attempt to spread the ideology of love â€Å"loving thy neighbor† so that the American people can embrace a notion of racial inclusiveness and ideological diversity, necessary in the time of economic and international crises. Again we can find the idea of a â€Å"WE†. Conclusion: It is now obvious that Paul Chilton theory can be applied. We can see that it is the play together of the different methods and many more make a discourse unique and manipulative. But it is important to know in which context the discourse has been written as the context can change the words, emotions and message in a political discourse. In Obama’s speech we can find the concept of pragmatism, liberalism, inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. As such the result of keywords of his run for presidency. This is shown by the prominent words employed by Obama: nation, new and America, and a overall dominance of the personal pronoun We understood as necessary in the time of national peril†¦ The results of the biblical references, which Paul Chilton explains as â€Å"only† way to motivate and capture America’s population, have shown that Obama’s choice of citations (quoting the Corinthians) was to strengthen the notion of unity and brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society. As such we can see that his methods were well used and can be found by the methods of Paul Chilton. Obama stands for his candidature through his speech and ideology, world wide as a new wind for America that will rebuild and strengthen the country. And we have to remember that Obama is the first president that has been accepted as young and black person as president. Sources Primary source: Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice, Paul Chilton, Routledge, 2004 Bibliography: – Article Discourse Society January 1993 vol. 4 no. 1 7-31 : Metaphor in Political Discourse: The Case of the `Common European House’ by Paul Chilton and Mikhail Ilyin Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. Secondary Sources: – University of Louisville, Article by Judith D. Fischer: http://www. law. louisville. edu/node/2720 – Online Document, Critical Discourse Analysis by Juraj Harvath: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cache:j-4vhWbO6a8J:www. pulib. sk/elpub2/FF/Ferencik2/pdf_doc/6. pdf+=de=lu=bl=ADGEESgDn7GSv6cJ cZ6acGq5vk-rpp0mNE_qyGy5vUUCMEdg4d1M9efiWLiSgl3CRzYChNf3gQkZQ-saUZib0C5oBU-XVpDkee3pDul94RL3VlIR6nWc4j-OIJTNBkD9oZuSmxh4ybhM=AHIEtbRfcX_PIha4KZfnvwVFTzxPnRNSDA – Obama, the Lion in Winter: ttp://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ -5 Speechwriting Lessons from Obama’s Inaugural Speech by Andrew Dlugan: http://sixminutes. dlugan. com/inauguration-speech-analysis-barack-obama-inaugural/ – Online Document: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches By Junling Wang: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cache:HzMPBXpzbW8J:ojs. academypublisher. com/index. php/jltr/article/download/0103254261/1807+=de=lu=bl=ADGEEShaYaCyse11UxuFQk1KY0Zb0oOh15Ng1vgnuIdLSpdkL4Ia5nqoDh1DV-aO46J-bKQV9Fyfc3mz1MrZ5VTIrAnm85bmHXzt4cJZgNLYXFeuExE4wl1-SjUvUuEWd78WR0ji I5aV=AHIEtbT3Yd_sOMwtzg1_LtcSsaQh2FbYGw – Wikipedia article about metaphors: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor visited on 21 November 2012 – St Paul’s Letters: http://biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html Apendix: The whole speech of Obama can be found on BBC: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7840646. stm ———————– [1] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor, visited on 21 November 2012 [2] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 49 [3] Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. 4] Obama, the Lion in Winter: http://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ [5] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 51 [6] Statistics taken out of: Critical discourse analysis by Juraj Harvath (controlled by myself again) [7] A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches By Junling Wang [8] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 174 [9] Obama, the Lion in Winter: http://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ [10] St Paul’s Letters: http://biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html How to cite â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourses† Theory and Practice, Essay examples

Circle Wars Reshaping The Typical Autism Essay Citation Example For Students

Circle Wars: Reshaping The Typical Autism Essay Citation AUTISM Autism is a rare developmental disorder that affects approximately four in every ten thousand children (Baron-Cohen, Leslie Frith, 1985). Employing a clinical perspective, Kanner (1943) (as cited in Sachs, 1995) was the first to provide a description on the disorder of autism. However, in the 1970s, Wing (1970) (as cited in Sachs, 1995) applied a cognitive perspective in describing the mental structure of autism. This essay will therefore argue that autism is characterised by the lack of theory of mind (Premack Woodruff, 1978, as cited in Baron-Cohen et al., 1985), which is a cognitive mechanism. It will further outline empirical evidence derived from the review of two studies, collectively known as false belief tasks. The Sally-Anne task and the Smarties task, in particular, will be discussed and interpreted in support with the arguing thesis. There is no true causal definition of autism at a biological level, however, autism has been recognised to be a developmental disabi lity affecting cognitive processing (Frith, 1997). The key behavioural deficits that characterises autism are, the inability to interact in social situations, impairments with comprehending verbal and non-verbal communication and the lack of understanding pretend and imaginative play (Wing, 1970, as cited in Sachs, 1995). Other behavioural characteristics contributing to the diagnosis of autism are, engagement in repetitive automatic movements and activities, preference to be alone, displays of self-destruction and aggressive behaviour, sensitivity to external stimuli, attacks of anxiety, and some display savant abilities (Sachs, 1995; Frith, 1997). Baron-Cohen et al. (1985) applied Wimmer and Perners (1983) puppet play paradigm to test the hypothesis that autistic children are unable to attribute beliefs to others and are incapable of representing mental states. The participants comprised of 20 autistic children, 14 children with Down syndrome, and 27 normal preschool children. The procedure for this false belief task included setting up two doll protagonists, Sally and Anne. Initially, a naming question was asked to ensure participants could distinguish between the dolls. Sally then placed a marble in her basket. Sally exited the scene, and Anne takes the marble from Sallys basket and placed it in her box. Sally later returned, and the test question asked by the experimenter was Where will Sally look for her marble? (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985, p.41). The subjects also had to answer two control questions: a reality control question and a memory control question. Another trial was preformed, where conditions were changed, and included an additional location (experimenters pocket) to where the participants could point. The outcome for this study indicated that all subjects passed the naming, reality and memory questions. For the belief question, 85% of normal preschool and 86% of Down syndrome subjects passed both trials. However, only 20% of the autistic group passed the tested question (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985). Interpretation of these results indicates the vast majority of normal preschool and Down syndrome children could contrast between what they see to be true and what the doll sees to be false. However, the 15% of preschool and 14% of Down syndrome children who failed the belief question need to be taken into account. It may be concluded that at the time of testing, the proportion of preschool children had not yet developed the complete theory of mind, which is a mechanism required to succeed in this study. Also, it can be assumed that the proportion of Down syndrome subjects who failed, simply did not fully understand the question being asked as they have a below average IQ range. Other possible reasons for the two control groups to fail on the belief question may be that they comprehended the question as ambiguous. For example, when asked the belief question, the proportion of the control groups who failed, could have registered the question as, If Sally looks in her basket and the ma rble is not there, where will she look?. In this case the correct answer would be the box. Instead, if the experimenter asked, Where will Sally look first, for her marble?, then that proportion of the control group may have passed. Another inconsistency is that 20% of autistic subjects passed the test. This may be that they were incorrectly diagnosed with the disorder, or they have experienced through rote learning that others have different beliefs to them, and therefore can apply this concept without understanding it. However, the fact that the majority of autistic subjects failed the task indicates they lack the ability to distinguish between their belief and the dolls belief. Therefore, this supports the thesis that autistic children lack a theory of mind. .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc , .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .postImageUrl , .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc , .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:hover , .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:visited , .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:active { border:0!important; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:active , .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c7ccca3644920b7429fd50fc3f0a1fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Causes Of The American Revolution EssayPerner et al. (1989) Smarties task (as cited in Happe, 1994) is another representation of a false belief task. This study involved a number of autistic and normal four-year-old children. The method involved the experimenter questioning the child to predict what was inside a closed Smartie box. The subjects would give the obvious answer, being sweets or Smarties. The box is then opened to reveal a pencil. The experimenter then closes the container, and poses the question, When the other child comes in, he will be shown this closed up Smarties box, like shown to you. What do you think he will say when I ask him what is inside? The conse quence of this study showed that normal four-year-olds succeeded by answering sweets or Smarties. However, autistic subjects failed this task by answering pencil (Pern et al., 1989, as cited in Happe, 1994). In analysing the results, it is shown that four-year-old normal children understood the concept that if a person like them, has not been exposed to the situation yet, they will give the obvious answer like them. However, autistic children, based on the fact that they lack the ability to represent mental states of others, and therefore not pose a theory of mind (Premack Woodruff, 1978, as cited in Baron-Cohen et al., 1985) would assume that everyone else knows what they now know. The result of this study hence supports the thesis argued in this essay. Possessing a theory of mind is fundamental for social interaction with others. For those who do not have this cognitive mechanism, it is merely impossible for them to understand other peoples beliefs, wants and desires. It has been shown that autism is characterised by the lack of this cognitive mechanism, theory of mind. In addition, research studies have supported this theory, that individuals with autism lack ability to comprehend ot hers beliefs from their own. Future research should aim at applying a clinical perspective to help autistic individuals overcome this lack of theory of mind in order for social interaction to be less complex.

Sociology education assignment submit free essay sample

The School is an important agency of secondary socialisation. All children in the UK are given Equal opportunities to succeed.Despite the department of education stating that they wish to provide equal opportunities for children and young people no matter what their background or family circumstances. (Department of education. 2014) Statistics referencing school childrens performance in the UK indicates a childs class, ethnicity or gender can have an effect on their overall school performance.As family is the primary means of socialisation, a parents attitude towards education is important for the progress of children in schools. Charles Desforges and Alberto Abouchaars, (2003) study into parental involvement in schools found that; at-home good parenting had a positive effect on a childs attainment. The report suggests this is done through shaping childrens self concepts through setting high aspirations and then concludes, by stating that achievement of working class pupils can be furthered by increasing parental involvement. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology education assignment submit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shows that it is widely recognised that class directly effects the opportunities children in the UK receive. How parents present themselves is also influential to childs education, Abigail Beall, (2003) states how Facebook researchers found that children often have similar, if not identical, careers to their parents. The study suggests that working class families with working class jobs, could result in lack of motivation for children to aspire to earn more or have better careers than their parents, they instead seek immediate gratification, often obtaining jobs in manual labour due to a lack of interest in education. In middle class families however, children often apply themselves educationally to follow in their parents footsteps, this deferred gratification usually leads to further education such as university. (Kennon, J., 2012)Apart from the influence of parents, the effects of housing and the environment can also effect opportunities within education. A leaflet by Lisa Harker 2006, for Shelter England details how one study found that: parents in overcrowded homes were less responsive and spoke to their children in less sophisticated ways as opposed to parents in less overcrowded homes. This lack of communication and sophisticated language was linked to having a negative effect on children s learning, as they became less expressive and unable to voice their thoughts with the correct vocabulary. Furthermore overcrowding results in a lack of suitable space for children to study, creating disruption at school. Attendance at school from Children in overcrowded homes was low as a result of health reasons, as illness can travel faster between individuals in close proximity. According to a National Child Development Study, into the effects of poor housing conditions, the effects of cold and damp also correlates to a lack of attendance in school due to illness. A study completed in Cornwall found: installing central heating into rooms of children aged 9 to 11 helped respiratory problems and increased school attendance. Prior to this children lost 9.3 days out of 100 due to breathing problems, this decreased to 2.3 days lost after intervention. (Harker, l. , 2006) Apart from poor housing conditions, catchment areas can also effect childrens educational progression. Kate Hughes (2017) claims that: 25% of parents relocate to a particular catchment area, and were willing to spend an additional 12% on top of the market value. This proves that middle class parents can afford to provide children with better educational chances before school begins. (Hughes, k., 2017)Apart from location, whats within the home can also effect educational attainment. Lack of accessible technology/internet, creates poor performance at schools. Valerie Thompson of E – Learning Foundation states lack of a home internet connection or a computer could mean that children struggled to research homework or complete coursework. This could also suggest that children were unable to receive feedback or access school resources. Her research established that there were 750,000 children in households without internet access, and 650,000 without a computer. According to the E-Learning Foundation, that figure shows the divide between rich and poor and the effects this has on childrens progression within education. (Burns, J., 2013)The divide between class and educational attainment is argued by Diane Reay to have not yet occurred. Within education, she states that: the working classes are still getting less education than the middle classes, just as they had when my dad was at school at the beginning of the 20th century. She argues this is as a result of less affluent children being given more restrictive educational offers, thus effecting the league tables and resulting in teachers focusing on Maths and English. (Ferguson, F., 2017) Diane Reays suggests that teachers therefore treat children differently based on their class; the issue of labelling then comes into effect. Theorised by Snyder et als, self-fulfilling prophecy theory, if ones is labelled enough they begin to act in accordance to that label. The article states that working class children aged 4 can tell theyre in the monkeys (a lower set,) because theyre not very clever. Teachers then labelling these children as lower sets will have a negative effect on their overall learning and progression from an early age.Labelling and stereotyping also influences the academic achievement of ethnic minorities. Professor Jennifer Eberhardt, took two scenarios of children misbehaving and asked teachers how they would punish the children based on their actions. In scenarios in which the students were black, teachers seen the bad behaviour as more concerning. Interviews were also conducted with teachers, parents, and head teachers about their opinions on black pupils/students. Overall participants expressed strong feelings about how black boys are labelled as a result of their clothing, friends; reputation and how they communicated. The report concluded that once black pupils gained a reputation for bad behaviour, it became difficult to convince teachers that they could improve. (Demie, f., McLean, C. 2017)Despite underachievement of Black/Caribbean students, other ethnic minorities are surpassing their White British counterparts. In 2013 of all children receiving free school meals it was proven that at aged 16, ethnic minority groups were outperforming white working class pupils in attaining five GCSEs grade C and above. Existing government funded studies suggest that this is due to parental factors, including high aspirations and expectations resulting in higher attendance and few exclusions.Language barriers are also an influential factor to ones attainment. When children immigrate to England, they are assigned English intervention classes, and only allowed to integrate into classes once they had basic level English. Once in mainstream classes, teachers are often strict on pronunciation and writing. This sparks debate whether separating students based on their language barriers is the right thing to do. Arguments made, suggest students could integrate in all their classes with specialist support however, as linking pupils together regardless of language causes faster integration, which in turn creates a mo re positive approach to education. (Morrison, N., 2014)In recent news, it has been discussed that boys may need additional support throughout their educational lives, due to women achieving better grades. Camilla Turner (2015) reports that girls now seem to outperform boys in mathematics, reading and science literacy within 70% of all countries. The article clarifies, that except for over achievers, boys have poorer educational outcomes than girls in the UK. Hannah Richardson references research by the Higher Education Policy institute to argue why boys underachieve in schools, it was found boys and girls will often have different attitudes towards school work. Furthermore, the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development found boys tend to spend an hour less on homework when compared to girls. The report also states that boys are more likely to get distracted, which in turn means they are less likely to study from home. Despite this however, men still outperform women when it comes to prestigious subjects and applying to universities. (Richardson, H., 2016)In addition, Rowenna Davis (2010) explains that there is a decline in women entering into stereotypical male based subjects. In 2005 women made up 24% of computer study classes however five years later in 2010, women only accounted for 19%. Since the year 2000 there has been no increase in women entering maths, this statistic remains at 38%. The same rule applies for engineering and technology where women only make up 15% of all classes. The article argues that womens intolerance towards STEM subjects (Science, technology, engineering and maths) are deep rooted as career advisors are teaching students to go into stereotypical subjects. An argument can therefore be made that subject choices within schools are not providing pupils with equal opportunities, as they at reinforcing careers advice based on gender.Lastly, the way in which pupils are graded also has a significant impact on performance within education. Despite evidence stated above, 2017 A-Level results witnessed men surpassing females in quality of grades. Rachel Pells (2017) argues this is because assessment types have been changed in favour of exam based grading. Previously it was a mixture of both exam and coursework based assessments. The article argues females apply themselves better in coursework based studies, whereas boys tend to revise heavily a couple of weeks before exams, thus meaning equal opportunity within school assessing isnt achieved.To conclude, despite government policy stating that equal education is given to all, it is evident that both internal and external factors indicate that this is an impossible task. The research suggests that educational achievement and attainment is predisposed from birth. Ones class, ethnicity and gender dictate how well they will achieve or underachieve within education. To claim that all children in the UK are given equal opportunities to succeed is incorrect due to different factors playing a huge part throughout their academic life, and into adulthood.Bibliography:Beall, A. (2016). Facebook research shows how our parents career choices affect our own. [online] Mail Online. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3504404/Taking-family-business-Children-tend-make-career-choices-based-jobs-parents-siblings-have.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Burns, J. (2013). Poorest pupils lack home internet. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20899109 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018].Demie, F. and McLean, C. (2017). Black Caribbean Underachievement in Schools in England. [online] Lambeth.gov. uk. Available at: https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/rsu/sites/www.lambeth.gov. uk.rsu/files/black_caribbean_underachievement_in_schools_in_england_2017.pdf [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018].Davis, R. (2010). Women students stick to traditional subjects. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/jul/13/women-students-stem-subjects [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018].Desforges, C. and Abouchaar, A. (2003). The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment: A literature review | Creativity, Culture and Education. [online] Creativitycultureeducation.org. Available at: http://www.creativitycultureeducation.org/the-impact-of-parental-involvement-parental-support-and-family-education-on-pupil-achievement-and-adjustment-a-literature-review [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Ferguson, D. (2017). Working-class children get less of everything in education including respect. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian. com/education/2017/nov/21/english-class-system-shaped-in-schools [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018].Hawker, L. (2006). Chance of a Lifetime. [online] England.shelter. org.uk. Available at: https://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/39202/Chance_of_a_Lifetime.pdf [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Hughes, K. (2017). Quarter of UK parents move house for the school catchment area. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent. co.uk/money/spend-save/uk-parents-move-house-school-catchment-area-quarter-best-education-a7908046.html [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018].Kennon, J. (2012). New Study Finds The Ability to Delay Gratification Correlates with Reliability of Others. [online] Joshuakennon.com. Available at: https://www.joshuakennon.com/new-study-finds-the-ability-to-delay-gratification-correlates-with-the-reliability-of-adults-in-a-childs-life/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].Morrison, N. (2014). Breaking down the language barrier for EAL pupils. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2014/mar/05/teaching-eal-foreign-languages-students-integration-schools [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Pells, R. (2017). Boys overtake girls in top A-level grades for first time in a generation. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co. uk/news/education/education-news/a-level-results-2017-boys-beat-birls-top-subjects-english-maths-history-first-time-a7898186.html [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018].Richardson, H. (2016). Why do more girls go to university?. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37107208 [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018].Turner, C. (2015). Girls do better than boys at school, despite inequality. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co. uk/education/11364130/Girls-do-better-than-boys-at-school-despite-inequality.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018].

Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives

Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives By Mark Nichol While reviewing an article or a story you or someone else has written, you notice a preponderance of iterations of what are often referred to as attribute tags phrases that identify a speaker, such as â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she said.† What do you do about this repetition? Several possibilities exist. The most obvious solution is to vary your attributions by using synonyms for said, and you can easily find such word sets online. But first, a couple of unconventional suggestions: First, consider leaving them as is. If you’re writing a news article or a similar piece of content in which you are quoting one or more people, you’re doing so to identify your sources and clarify who made each comment. That’s a basic journalistic principle, and even if your content is not strictly journalistic in nature, it’s not necessary to employ a wide array of variations of said. Note that reporters do not shy from repetition of functional attribute tags such as â€Å"Smith said† and â€Å"he said.† Skim a handful of news article, and you’ll see it’s true. That’s because journalists know that readers virtually ignore the repetitive verb in favor of keeping track of the shifting nouns or pronouns. Also, said is preferable to many of its synonyms in straightforward nonfiction because it doesn’t have the subjective bias that more colorful synonyms such as groaned or yammered do. Of course, feature articles and more extensive interviews are another matter. In those cases, judicious replacement of said from a small store of synonyms is reasonable, but know the difference between acknowledge and admit, for example, and understand that crowed or gasped or proclaimed are outsized alternatives that must fit the context. Often, you’ll find that it’s just as effective to delete attribution as it is to vary it or, at least, to reconstruct sentences so that you indirectly introduce a quotation rather than directly attribute it. This approach is applicable for narrative nonfiction or for fiction. Here is a range of alternatives for attributing a statement: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he said. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he hissed. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he whispered menacingly. He turned to me and said, â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† His reply was emphatic: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† He looked at me coldly, and his parting words haunted me: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† What about attribution in extended dialogue in fiction? Refer to the works of your favorite novelists to assure yourself that few attribute tags employing some variety from the choices displayed above are necessary, as in this hypothetical excerpt: â€Å"This is Bert’s initial statement,† Bert said. Ernie stared at him in disbelief. â€Å"This is Ernie’s response to the first statement.† â€Å"This is Bert’s reply to that response.† â€Å"Ernie uses Bert’s name in this question.† â€Å"Bert answers the question,† Bert replied as he lit a cigarette. â€Å"Then he elaborates on his reply.† â€Å"By now, it’s obvious that the two characters are trading brief comments, each in its own paragraph, so no attribution is necessary here.† â€Å"However, if the conversation becomes more complex to the point of multiparagraph speeches, a simple, single attribution within each paragraph will suffice to clarify who is speaking,† Bert insisted. â€Å"Or the writer can mention, for example, that Ernie shifts uncomfortably as Bert explains himself, or that Bert pauses deliberately for effect, or something like that.† As Ernie strode out of the room, Bert heard him say, â€Å"Just don’t ravage Roget in a strenuous effort to lace conversations with vivid but distracting alternatives to said.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S"Confused With" and "Confused About"12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Academic review of a journal article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic review of a journal article - Essay Example The research was aimed to provide answer to tow questions: the what and the how of decision processes of senior finance executives (Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder 2010). Nobody has built an integrated picture of how executives make the major finance decisions and by what factors/aspects they guided (Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder 2010). The authors highlight that the literature doesn’t offer integrated explanation of the mainline finance decisions and that it is missing not only the joint test but also variables problems as it relies on theories. Therefore, many decisions and firm’s behavior cannot be explained as it omits non-quantifiable data (Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder 2010). Authors of the paper provide the literature review of managers as wealth destroyers followed by the growing importance of sustainability and risk aspects in decision making process. Finance managers are viewed as wealth destroyers, however, there is very limited information in the literature reviewed and discussed by Coleman, Maheswaran & Pinder (2010). Another issue that the authors are reviewing through the literature relates to the importance of sustainability and risk in finance decision making processes. Even though both these factors are not related directly to finance, finance managers increasingly rely on non-financial data in decision making process. Authors review the elements of ESG (environmental, social and governance) and highlight its importance in the modern business environment through the literature review. Finance managers tend to make their decisions based on environmental and social aspects rather than solely on financial data. Authors have designed a methodology that enabled them to resolve the questions set at the beginning of the paper. As the initial step that would provide information for further investigation, authors of the

How emotions impact consumer behaviour Dissertation

How emotions impact consumer behaviour - Dissertation Example Marketing strategies of HSBC is a clear demonstration of emotional influence on customers through cultural messages. It is also seen that McDonalds’ emotional campaigns has an edge over Burger Kings because of its ability to react to customers’ emotions rather than their minds. The data thus collected through secondary sources is summarised in the discussion to show how they cater to the research aims and objectives. Lastly suitable recommendations are provided with regards to the managerial implications of emotionally influential strategies over consumers’ behaviours. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 4 Chapter 1 Literature Review 8 Chapter 2 Methodology 13 Project plan and approach 13 Chapter 3 Critical evaluation and analysis of the data 15 Chapter 4 Conclusion 24 Recommendations 25 Reference 26 Bibliography 30 Research aims and objectives Since the 90s researchers have acknowledged the fact that the consumers are not always rational as the consum ers are mostly driven by their emotions. The impact of emotions on consumer behaviour is evident from different aspect of research. Some of the factors which are important in understanding the behaviour of the consumer are like recall, attention; decisions making etc. Consumers are often described as being rational in the decision and the ways they interact with different consumptions. The rational consumer behaviour theory assumes that emotions can be controlled. However many scientist believes that emotions do play a vital role in human and effects the behaviour of consumers. Therefore emotions are defined to be an intense affect, a feeling which comprises of behavioural, physiological and cognitive reactions (Boyd, 2009, p.70). Therefore this paper deals with the objective to... This research is being carried out to understand why the consumers purchase and what makes them to make the purchase. The motive to understand the consumer behaviour and the reason for its purchase caters around the concept of marketing the goods and services. Consumer behaviour portrays emotions as one of the causes of behaviour which can be manipulated for any managerial purposes. Emotions are related to contingencies of reward and punishment which influences the consumers in the market place. Therefore emotion is an appraisal of a change in feelings originated by the brain activities, it’s a phenomenon that is undetermined by a brain state because each different brain can generate an envelope of emotions, and it also depends from person to person. Emotions can be measured by way of facial expression. The best way to measure emotions is through heart rate of a consumer. This paragraph illustrates that there is no standard way to measure emotions and the impact of emotions on the consumers and in their thought process. Different studies towards consumers emotions have focused on emotional response to advertising, and on the role of emotions towards consumers satisfaction. Emotions have also contributed in the context of services such as complaints, service failure and product attitude. Holbrook & Batra developed their list in regards to emotion; they uncovered an arousal, pleasure and denomination dimension in their data, and showed that these emotions mediate consumer’s response to advertising.

Pornography and the Efferct on Aggressive Behavior Essay

Pornography and the Efferct on Aggressive Behavior - Essay Example The paper will also research on the position of American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with regard to issues concerning pornographies. Pornography and the Effect on Aggressive Behavior Pornography has been blamed for causing sexual misconduct and antisocial behaviors among teenagers. In addition, pornographic pictures and videos have received unending accusations for contributing to increased raping cases as well as aggressive behaviors among the viewers. However, the above perceptions about pornographies can be termed as mere illusions without significant support and proof. Whether pornographies are present or absent, aggressive sexual behaviors still survives in our societies. The urge to rape or engage in rape depends on individual’s sexual orientation and control, and more on the psychological makeup of a person. For that case, it is hard to prove that when individuals watch pornographies then their likelihood to rape is increased. This is because some culprits of raping ha ve inborn and unethical lusts on women. Other aggressive sexual behaviors such as forced masturbation among students in mixed schools, does not entirely rely on watched pornographies, but may occur due the parties attaining adolescent stage. Watching pornographies is in fact a boost to healthy relationship among couples and sexual partners. Watching pornographies humbles sexual partners as it provides the parties with more explicit and perfect styles of playing serious sex to the satisfaction of the all the parties. Malamuth, Koss and Addison (2000) explicate that when watching the videos and pictures of porn, sexual partners learn the most appropriate postures, the most appropriate body languages and the level of maturity required during sexual intercourse to ensure complacency of every partner upon sexual intercourse. Watching pornographies provides the rare clues about the emerging regions that are sensitive to arousals. Pornographies also provides ways to develop confidence duri ng real sex thus enabling the sex partners play sex fearless of each other as they regard the proceedings as normal and worth practice (Simrings, Klavans & Busnar, 2009). Such information offers explicit pleasure during sex and omitting any offensive or aggressive motives. When couples are satisfied with each other during sex, the marriage gets spiced up making the bedroom very lively and accommodating at all times and even helps in improving physical fitness and wellbeing of partners, thus elongated life. Watching pornographies unlike the common belief has positive effects to the health of an individual. It is advisable that when is heavily stressed, he/she should watch pornographic pictures or videos, which will automatically divert their attention and emotions from stress to more adaptable condition. Pornographies can assist patients succumbing to severe pains tolerate and manage the pains. This is mostly practical to patients who are allergic to pain killers at any time they get injuries. According to Slade (2001), watching pornographies also have soothing and entertaining effects on the particular individuals especially to men when they are lonely and away from their ladies. Pornographies can be considered as mediums of sexual communications because the particular consumers get attracted and develop desire to fulfill their sexual needs and curiosities.

User Interface: Complexity, Types and Performance

User Interface: Complexity, Types and Performance User interface complexity A user interface is the means in which a person controls a software application. A user interface should provide the user with an easy experience, allowing them to interact with the software in a stress-free and natural way. The GUI (graphical user interface) is a program that contains graphical controls which the user can select with a keyboard or mouse. â€Å"The GUI complexity is the most important value to consider when selecting a technology for user interface classes. (Rayhan, 2003)†. To decide on the complexity of the user interface it is important to consider all possible user interfaces for the ePS system. We should also reflect on a variety of categories which include simple data input, static view of the data, customisable views, dynamic view of the data and interactive graphs. The simple data input allows the user to enter data into the system. The static view of data can be either a table, tree or graph that is not affected by the changes in the system data. â€Å"The customisable view allows the user to customise the appearance of static data without making a new request to the server. The dynamic view of data is automatically refreshed to stay current while the underlying system data changes. The interactive graphs are similar to dynamic views. The graphical view is automatically updated as the underlying system data changes (Rayhan, 2003).† Below is a list of user interfaces for the ePS system: Login user interface: The login user interface allows the user to enter their username and password to gain access to the system. Create E-Prescription user interface: The Create E-Prescription user interface allows the general practitioner user to create an E-Prescription for a patient, view their personal details and view their medical history. Dispense medicine user interface: The dispense medicine user interface allows the pharmacist user to view the patients E-Prescription, check if the medication is in stock and dispense the medicine. Manage ADR report user interface: The manage ADR report user interface will load a ADR report form on a web page for the user to enter in their adverse drug reaction to a particular medicine. Deployment constraints for user interfaces The deployment constraints are as imperative as the complexity of the user interface. When considering deployment constraints it is essential to have categories in which to compare. The following deployment constraints can occur within our ePS system: Any web browser on the internet: This deployment constraint must allow the user interface to perform on any web browser on any computer. The web browser Opera does not support Java which means that all images and much less dynamic HTML, so the user interface would be presented in text form only. Late-Model web browser on the internet: If each web browser is no more than a few generations old then we will also know that the computer is also no more than a few generations old. Number and types of users The number and type of users influence the technology selection in two ways. One influence being that a large number of users can force the technology for the entity, control and lifecycle classes to balance well. A large number of users can also encourage the selection of user interface technology. A larger audience makes straightforwardness of deployment and maintenance costs major factors. Small number of dedicated users: These are a small group of users who can help to outline the system and who profits from the system. Since these groups are willing to invest their own time to learn the system, functionality is the main priority. General use within an organisation: In regards to the system, this group of users are generally much larger, but they can be less motivated. These types of systems tend to support the organisation rather than contributing to the business. For example time tracking and benefits management. Large audience with high interest: The ePS system must have a large audience that are extremely involved. These users may be unconnected from one another. The users may log on to the system to exchange information e.g. the E-Prescriptions or to collaborate information about the patients and the medicine. Huge audience with low interest: In terms of the ePS system, it must attract and serve indecisive audience. If the ePS system runs slowly and wastes the audiences time it will cause the audience to be disengaged. Available bandwidth The bandwidth available is also another crucial factor when selecting technologies. Certain groups of technologies can allow developers to meet low bandwidth restrictions. However, other technologies make bandwidth constraints worse. The categories for bandwidth restrictions are as follows: Dial-Up connection: The dial-up connection is now the least common type of connection to the internet. However, Dial-Up connection is suitable for systems that let users view text, images and to enter data. This would be suitable for the ePS system when the user logs in and loads the ADR report form. The ADR report will load up on a web page. Fast internet connection: Fast internet connections consist of digital transmissions over phone lines, cables and satellite transmissions. This is mainly to enable a quicker internet connection. Dedicated network between client and server: This type of connection will allow the client and serves to exchange data at considerably high speeds. Types of System interface The technology for a system interface is determined by a current outer system. If an external system is not available, you must describe the system interface and then select an applicable private technology. System interfaces are divided into the following three categories: Data transfer: Many system interfaces exist merely to transfer large lumps of information from system to system. These interfaces are referred to as electronic data interchange. Services through a protocol: This system interface will allow a system to make requests through an agreed protocol. The server will allow a system to validate itself and request data by sending predefined codes. Direct access to system services: This system interface will allow a client system to directly call selected methods in the server. The server exposes these certain methods for remote access. Performance and Scalability The performance and scalability requirements are becoming one of the most important features in the selection of technology. Performance must be balanced against data integrity and any multiuser system and there aren’t many single user systems left. The performance and scalability factors are usually found by inspecting the class diagrams and sequence diagrams from the analysis model. The following are the three main categories that may affect the performance and scalability: Read-only: Certain systems only allow the user to view system data, but do not allow them to update it. Isolated updates: In most systems the user is allowed to change the systems data and the changes do no conflict with one and other. Concurrent updates: In some systems many users change the systems data, but with some changes affecting the same data. The following sections below describe the performance and scalability factors for each use case in the ePS system: Create E-Prescription use case: In the Create E-Prescription use case the system retrieves and displays the patient’s record. After the user enters the diagnosis and the system must update the current data with the new data. This use case is described as â€Å"Isolated updates† or â€Å"Concurrent updates†. Dispense medicine use case: In the dispense medicine use case the system retrieves and displays the patients E-Prescription. After the user checks the stock levels and dispenses the medicine the system must update the status to â€Å"Complete†. This use case is either described as â€Å"Isolated updates† or â€Å"Concurrent updates†. Record ADR use case: In the record ADR use case the system retrieves and displays the ADR entity objects. After the user updates the entities the system must update the data with the new data. This use case is either described as â€Å"Isolated updates† or â€Å"Concurrent updates†. Login use case: In the login use case the system locates the user entity object that corresponds to the actual user. Once the object is located, the system must determine whether the username and password is valid. The means the systems needs to read the username and password from some sort of persistent store. No data will be updated therefore the â€Å"Read-only† description is appropriate. Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis: Proton Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis: Proton Macro: Macro environment refers to the overwhelming and external factors that the firms cannot have the influence on which can affect its business if not addressed. The economy of Malaysia has been in a healthy growth, however it the year of 2012 has dropped. In addition, the inflation rates of the year 2012 have dropped from a whopping 2.7 to satisfactory 1.3 during a year. These factors have directly affected the inflation and unemployment rates of Malaysia, this is because the inflation rates have fallen and the unemployment rated have fallen as well. Micro: Micro environment refers to the internal factors that relates to a business environment which can affect the business’ operation. These factors are suppliers, shareholders, competitors, customers and distributors. These factors have played a very big rule in the performance of proton, where proton has a big problem with their suppliers, as well as a drop in its market shares, as they have a big competitor in the market which is Perodua, the other factor that has affected proton is the customs, where Proton is facing difficulties in dealing with their customers, in fact proton is losing its customers due to the lack of service and lack of trust. Cross Culture and Global Issues: Being an automobile industry, this firm has to deal with other cultures on a daily basis. Cultures are hard to define values, norm, and traditions. Understanding culture is an extremely complex concept. Various theories have been made on culture but the most projecting perhaps is of Greet Hofstede’s. Hosfsted’s Cultural Dimensions: Collectivism and Individualism: This refers to the extent to which people of a country a willing to work together. In collectivistic societies people tend to better put the groups needs first eliminating personal goals, whereas countries with invidualistic culture have follow personal or individual attainment over the groups. Power Distance: this refers to the extent to which people accept the hierarchal position to be authority in the business environment. Meaning in high power distance societies like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, people tend to respect the authority because of their hierarchal of social status other than personal achievement like that in the low power distance societies like France, Italy. Uncertainty Avoidance: Refers to the extent to which people accept change in the society. Countries like Indonesia, North Korea, and Japan represent a high uncertainty avoidance whereby they dislike change. Masculinity and Feminism: relates to the role of women in different cultures, masculine culture believes Male to be the dominant part of the family and the only one allowed to support the family financially. Cultures with low masculinity dimension show females to be an important part of the workforce. Global issues: When it comes to addressing global issues to and automobile industry (Proton) most of the issues are relevant, whether it is of rising cost, taxation, global financial crises, regulations safety and health issues, all of the issues can be tracked back to an automobile industry (proton). There are many factors that Proton has to constrains before going overseas, for example, the tax fees is different in different countries, as well as the economic condition which will affect the sales, these are some of the issues that have to be addressed from Proton. Business volatility and risk Management: Considering the automobile industry (Proton), it took thousands of failed attempts before finally making a plane that could’ve worked. With every attempt being shot down, the amount of risk involved kept increasing but it was a necessary evil to reach to the point now where cars are made with perfection and counter abilities to have a safe driving. In the case of Proton, there are a number of risks involved which the mangers in charge have to think about. Initially, since the automobile industry is a huge business, the risk of investing enormous capital is the prime risk which decides the fate of the operation. Secondly, there is the risk of economic decline or inflation to sweep over which would directly affect the businesses in the service industry such as carmakers. Thirdly comes the cost of the fluctuating cost of material steals globally which has been increasing. The point is not to note out the risks involved the point is to manage risks relating to the merger effectively. Branding Success and Challenges: Branding is a concept originated for as far back as the 1200 in Sweden, where they used to burn insignia’s on a horse to differentiate it from others. For a company that wants its name out in the market, it takes extensive marketing, heavy funds, and a lot of patience because it takes a while. Reaching brand awareness is only the first step, and then the company needs to reach its target market, once it’s done then it comes Brand loyalty, whereby customers prefer choosing a brand they have become loyal to. If the brands present a particular negative perception of the company then it may take a long time and efforts to change the perception of the masses. For example, when Lexus was first revealed and appreciated by the masses, it was unknown that it belonged to Toyota, because of Toyota’s perception of being an economical and affordable automotive vehicle. Business Sustainability: It is one thing to start a business but it is another to sustain it. By sustaining it doesn’t always mean running it profitably, it also include social and environmental obligations, risk and opportunities it has. There are a number of ways in which companies can ensure their business sustainability which would be as follows; Shareholder engagement. Environmental management system. Reporting and disclosure. If proton implements these sustainable strategies into their operation and monito the quality, sustainability can be expected. Tuckman theories on teamwork: Introduction For the subject of Business and Commercial Awareness, we got an assignment to make a business plan for Proton. According to Dr Mahathir’s statement â€Å"our immediate plan would be to change its strategy from being a maker of cheap cars to become a world standard car manufacture†. Stage one: Forming The class was divided into a group of five members, each of the members was giving a department to work on, and these departments are Finance, Operation, Human Resource, and marketing. Unfortunately I was given Finance department, where I have to analyse the current situation of Proton’s finance performance. However, before the assignment my knowledge of finance was substantially lower than an average final year student of Business Administration, but I have had a mind-set to not pay attention to things that do not interest me for as far back as I can remember. Stage two: Storming Then we moved into the second stage which is storming, in this stage we started to push against boundaries. We have many conflicts between us in the nature of our working style, where each of the members has a different working style, for example in marketing department, where Amir and Khider were handed this part, they had many issues in solving the problems which cause frustration to the entire group, as well as I was giving Finance department, which was a big challenge for my authority. As the team work wasn’t clearly defined, which cause us to feel overwhelmed by the workload. I believe that it was mission impossible for us to overcome the issues we were facing in this stage; we could not even come up with the framework for our strategies, which was a big disappointment. We end up working these issues out with Dr Tan, and finally we could move to the next step. Stage three: Norming In this stage we finally identified our goals, and each of the members is fully aware of the methods and the strategies which should be adopted in order to achieve our goal. As well as trust and apperception was built between us, where the leader of our group Ben was a big motivation for us, he has helped each of us to take responsibility for progress towards achieving the goal. As most of the discussions were conducted through a facebook page. Stage four: Performing In this stage we solved all the problems and issues by using appropriate controls, and we have achieved and effective and satisfying result. It was amazing that we worked collaboratively to achieve our goal, as there was caring from the members towards each there. For example Brain Scot was very helpful in helping me with my part in Finance department, he recommended me on how to finalize my part. In addition to, the commitment from the group members increased positively towards the group work comparing to the first stage.

The Feminist Perspective of Taming of the Shrew Essay -- Taming of the

The Taming of the Shrew  by William Shakespeare is a play that is ahead of its time in its views toward gender roles within society. Katherine is a woman who is intelligent, and is not afraid to assert her views on any given situation. She is paired with another obstinate character in Pertuchio. The Marriage formed between the two is a match made in heaven for two reasons. First Because Katherine is strong enough to assert her views, and more importantly, she realizes when she should assert them. The second reason the bond survives is that Petruchio is strong enough to accept the fact that Katherine has a mind and, more importantly he loves her for that reason. Petruchio cleverly weaves the relationship into the framework of society without compromising the integrity of the relationship. Petruchio does this by comparing Katherine’s at attitude to repulsive clothing. Carefully and calculatingly, Petruchio forges a relationship that is envied by all who witness it. Called "cursed Kate" throughout the play, Katherine is openly jealous of the attention he sister is receiving, whereas she, because she speaks her mind, is being bypassed and even avoided in the wooing process. Katherine reveals this attitude in act 2 scene1, lines 31-35, "nay, now i see she is your treasure, she must have a husband; i must dance barefoot on my wedding day, and for your love to her, lead the apes to hell. Talk not to me i will sit and weep!...." This anger is not concealed, it serves to provide motivation as to why a rational person would rebuke petrucchio so rudely upon first encountering him. Katherine surely realizes that petruchio is interested in her for ulterior motives other than love. Be it purse that the dowry will bring or the actions of an... ... between Petruchio and Kate is contrasted with the superficial properness of the relationship of bianca and lucentio. In this play as any other, Shakespeare proves to be a visionary. Petruchio achieves his goal through witty persuasion rather than resorting to beating his wife like many a man before him has done. Though Shakespeare does not go as far as some feminists would like him to, Shakespeare does much for the fight of equality of the sexes. Katherine’s as strong, or stronger than any woman in Shakespeare’s plays. The amazing thing is that she achieves this without ulterior motives such as lady Macbeth. She is an honest, bright independent woman. She is not underscored by her subservience to petruchio in public, for "the sun breaks through the darkest cloud" and so do Katherine’s assets break though the public visage of subordination to her husband.

Heroes: Twinkle Little Star and Hero

Heroes What is a hero? Usually people think of heroes as people who fight crime in movies or comic books, but those people don't exist in the real world. I think a hero is an everyday person that can change the world. Someone that inspires or helps you. My hero isn't an actor, a singer or even a dancer. In fact he's never been on TV or on the radio! But, those things aren't what make people hero's it's what's inside that counts. My hero is strong yet gentle, honest, trustworthy and loving. My hero knows Just what to say when I'm feeling sad. My hero is my dad.Your probably thinking â€Å"well that's a stupid hero† or â€Å"there's nothing special about a nobody†, but my dad IS SPECIAL, and not because he is my dad, but because he is the most trustworthy person I know, and not only that he is generous, kind and filled with love. At the age of two, I learned how to sing â€Å"Twinkle, twinkle little star†, count from 1 to 10, memorize A to Z, and many more. He neve r fails to teach me good values and have faith with God. He has helped my family and me to succeed at anything we do because he believes in us and supports us.He never puts himself before anyone else. My dad is my protector, mentor, and my trainer. Working hard to provide all my needs, protecting me every time, and guiding me as I grow up. He's my best teacher! Overall, my dad is amazing and I can call my dad as one of the â€Å"best dads in the world† and that makes him my SUPERHERO. Now look at your hero's and think about what makes them a hero, not that there good at sport or always on the TV, but look inside their hearts and then decide if there truly hero's at all. Heroes: Twinkle Little Star and Hero By theavanwyk9133

Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Essays

Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Essays Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Paper Summerise the Expected Stages of Childrens Behaviour Paper 5. 1. Summarise the expected stages of children’s behaviour. Children need guidance and personal example from the adults around them to help them learn what is acceptable and what behaviour isn’t acceptable. Behaviour is greatly influenced by primary socialisation and children will react and take in how close family members act. Bandura developed the modelling idea where children would copy the adults around them. â€Å"There is much evidence that a child who witnesses or experiences violence at home may develop aggressive tendencies. There are a number of different types of behaviour these include assertive, aggressive, submissive and manipulative behaviour. When a child is showing signs of manipulative behaviour they tend to blame others for their actions rather than taking responsibility. Children who act in this way may have underlying issues affecting them, they could be lacking in self confidence and have a low self esteem, this may also c ome across in the child as being withdrawn or down in themselves and possibly in others. If a child has self esteem issues then there may be a problem in the child’s life that affects this. Self esteem and self worth are all about liking who we are. Children need to feel like they belong. This applies both at home and to social situations. If a child is not accepted or feels that they are not accepted then it can have a negative impact on both their emotional security and on their behaviour. † Submissive behaviour is similar to manipulative in regards to self relief and self worth. They are likely to just agree with everybody else and never input there opinions or values as they feel others are better than they are. When a child shows signs of aggressive behaviour it could be bravado a false perception of the child and the only way the child feels they can cope is by acting defensive and by having an aggressive attitude. â€Å"The development of aggression was seen by Bandura as being a result of social learning. His experiment with children watching a film of adults hitting dolls was fascinating as the children copied it and saw that as acceptable behaviour. † There is also another theory about aggression and this is the biological theory. This states that humans need their own space or territory and that if that space is threatened they will react with aggression. Frustration is also seen to produce aggression, observe a small child who cannot do something he or she wants to – the result may be a tantrum or an outbreak of aggression. † The act of aggression can also be started in a child through boredom, the activity or game may not be challenging enough and this may cause the child to act this way to seek attention. â€Å"A theory known as the frustration-aggression hypothesis combines the instinctive nature of aggressive with learning theory. It was put forward by Dollard et al in 1939, although was later revised. The basis is that, although there is an inborn aggressive instinct, it tends to be triggered when people are feeling frustrated. This linking of frustration with aggression may explain why some children have dolls or objects onto which they heap their anger. † 5. 2. Analyse strategies to encourage appropriate behaviour. There are many ways to encourage appropriate behaviour. Children learn from the adults around them they watch, copy and take in each action and how adults respond to situations. Ways to encourage a child to behave properly can be by giving rewards and praise for being good. Forms of rewards can be from sweets to toys or even helping out in future activities. Giving sweets isn’t as rewarding as it may seem as this affects children’s behaviour as many children become hyperactive and also they may expect this reward every time but if these are given the behaviour may change for the worse. A better reward would be fruit and a sticker showing the child that they have been good and that they could receive these each time. Empowerment is also an effective strategy to encourage a child’s behaviour, children need to be encouraged from an early age to help them deal with issues they may face, but adults also need to support and protect the child. If a child has a feeling of control in them and their lives then there confidence and self esteem will be lifted and this will help their behaviour. If a child is given the chance to make their own decisions they will feel important and in charge helping how they act. Play should empower children, affirm and support their right to make choices, discover their own solutions, to play and develop at their own pace and in their own way. † Children can behave badly due to many different reasons; one most common cause of bad behaviour is separation and changes in a child’s normal routine as joining a nursery is usually the first time a child is separated from its parents. Parents are usually able to stay with their child for a little while to help s ettle the child in. The key worker system is useful as this will help the child feel safe and secure with that person. â€Å"It is often helpful if the same member of staff welcomes the child each day, particularly in their first few weeks of attendance. This helps build security and gives both the child and their parent a focal point where they can say goodbye with limited distress. † Another strategy for managing behaviour is the ABC strategy, which is based on social learning theory. When a child finds it difficult coping with new challenges and becomes distressed its best to deal with this with consistent responses. Showing a child attention whilst behaving positively helps them as they will stop associating gaining attention with behaving badly. This is positive reinforcement and needs to be done regularly as if a child’s behaviour is challenged occasionally then â€Å"this can be described as negative reinforcement, as the actions of the adult do not give a consistent message to the child that the behaviour is unwanted. The result is likely to be a more frequent display of the unwanted behaviour. † 5. 3. Summarise procedures to inform and document inappropriate behaviour. When children behave differently to other children and act aggressively and non cooperative its best to talk to the child’s parents and to work together as this is vital. From parents you can find out how the child acts at home and the response that the child gives to his parents when punished. If a child behaves so badly that both parents and carer can’t manage the situation then professional advice may be needed to establish if there are underlying issues that are affecting the child and the behaviour could be the only way that feelings and emotions can come out. When dealing with a misbehaving child its best not to shout at the child but to just speak with a strong raised voice to show the behaviour is wrong. Any form of inappropriate behaviour is important to be documented and also the forms of discipline, such as time outs, should be reported to parents verbally and also in writing. Behaviour policies are a good way to make sure everyone works to the same guidelines and can help staff to refer back and decide what actions to take. Policies are also useful as it would be made available to each parent from the start of childcare so they are aware of what boundaries the staff goes by and that are in place. â€Å"A clear behaviour policy may help a team to develop and maintain a positive approach to children and such a policy is part of communication in partnership with parents. † 5. 4. Analyse the implications where behaviour can be attributed to specific special needs. Behaviour can show other problems in children. These problems may be ncontrollable for the child as parents or carers may not have noticed that the child has further problems. Some children are unable to concentrate and work well with others and their behaviour can show this difficulty. Children who show continuous signs of behaviour problems may have a condition that causes the child to be unable to concentrate and learn. These conditions are ADD and ADHD. â€Å"Children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) find it hard to focus on an ac tivity and see it through, even a game they choose and enjoy. They are easily distracted but, because the children may simply go quiet or wander off, they can be missed in a busy nursery. † This condition could show how a child behaves differently and struggles to communicate with people and other children. â€Å"You will not miss those children who have Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). They not only move continuously from one activity to another, they also demand adult attention with loud behaviour and may disrupt other children’s games. There non-stop activity can also stretch into the night and their parents are exhausted. When children show either of these signs of difficulties parents and even carers may need extra help from professionals who deal with these situations daily and can give help and advice on how to control the child or work with the child to keep behaviour reduced. There are also other signs of behavioural problems that can be related to special needs. â€Å"Children with an autistic spect rum disorder can appear inattentive and behave like a much younger child in that they are highly focused on a narrow range of interests and very hard to redirect. Other experiences affect a child’s behaviour. Divorce can potentially affect a child’s behaviour it all depends on the adults around them and their ability to explain, or not explain the situation and the child will also recognise how their life has changed when the divorce is finalised and when one of the child’s parents no longer lives in the same home. The child in this situation mainly needs reassurance that their life won’t be affected too much and that they will still be safe and in a stable environment. Due to a situation like divorce it can influence the way a child behaves as they may feel frustrated with what is happening and this may be seen through unwanted behaviour. â€Å"Early experiences affect children in ways that can be seen through their development but also in the way they behave. Sometimes you will find that persistent worries or fears weigh on a child and do not lift despite sympathetic communication. † Domestic violence can affect a child’s behaviour greatly even if they are not receiving the abuse. If a child experiences domestic abuse then they become more likely to respond to situations with aggression. To a child the situation of watching, either their father abuse their mother or even the mother abuse their father, will seem normal whether its verbal abuse or physical attacks they will feel that when upset or frustrated that this is the way to act and that this behaviour is the appropriate solution to life as they have been taught no different. â€Å"The experience of domestic violence may mean that children themselves are more likely to deal with even minor upsets with an aggressive attack. Fighting back with words or fists will be what they have known, so it seems the obvious option. † - [ 1 ]. Children’s care, learning and development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, page 13 [ 2 ]. BTEC First Early Years, Sandy Green, Nelson Thornes, 2003, page 14-15 [ 3 ]. Children’s Care, Learning and Development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, page 13 [ 4 ]. Children’s Care, Learning and Development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, p age 13 [ 5 ]. Early Years: 2nd Edition, Penny Tassoni, Heinemann, 2006, page 406 [ 6 ]. Children’s Care, Learning and Development, Kath Bulman, Liz Savory, Heinemann, 2006, page 215 [ 7 ]. BTEC First Early Years, Sandy Green, Nelson Thornes, 2003, page 61 [ 8 ]. BTEC First Early Years, Sandy Green, Nelson Thornes, 2003, page 63 [ 9 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 615 [ 10 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 285 [ 11 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 285 [ 12 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 287 [ 13 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 225 [ 14 ]. Child Care and Early Education, Jennie Lindon, Thomson, 2003, page 225